PART 1: PARTS OF SPEECH, Lecture notes of Music

Download PART 1: PARTS OF SPEECH and more Lecture notes Music in PDF only on Docsity! PART 1: PARTS OF SPEECH Because speech is made up of individual words, words are called PARTS OF SPEECH. Here are the eight PARTS OF SPEECH with a brief definition for each. NOUN – a word that identifies a person, place, thing, or idea PRONOUN – a replacement for a noun VERB – a word that expresses existence, action, or occurrence ADJECTIVE – a word that describes a noun ADVERB – a word that describes a verb, another adverb, or an adjective (often ends in ‘ly’) PREPOSITION – a word that indicates the relationship between nouns or pronouns and other words in the sentence CONJUNCTION – a connecting word INTERJECTION – a short utterance that usually expresses emotion The following pages will provide practice in identifying the eight parts of speech one by one. 2 Nouns are words that identify a person [teenager], place [Toronto], thing [table], or idea [hope]. Nouns can be singular [table] or plural [tables]. Nouns can be common [table] or proper [Elizabeth]. Proper nouns always start with a capital. In the following example sentences, the nouns are shaded red. The cat jumped on the table. An elephant is bigger than a car. Elizabeth is full of hope. Colour the nouns red in the following sentences. The answers follow on the next page. 1. The dog jumped on the sofa. 2. A monkey is smarter than a cow. 3. Jonathan doesn’t have much imagination. 4. The boys and girls danced in the sunshine. 5. The teacher went to Australia for a visit. 6. Mrs. Smith gave us bananas and apples. 7. The school had a fence, a sidewalk, and a playground. 8. Yesterday, my mother got a letter from my grandmother. 9. At our cottage in Muskoka, the lake is very close to the porch. 10. On Tuesday, all the girls go to the gym. 11. Which computer does Brendan use for work? 5 Verbs are words that express action, existence, or occurrence. Most parts of speech are usually a single word, but verbs are often made up of several words (because they include expressions of time). The additional words in multi-word verbs are called helper or auxiliary verbs, and they are sometimes separated from the main verb (especially by the word “not”). This verb tense chart might be helpful. In the following example sentences, the verbs are shaded yellow. Jeremy ran down the road. We are never alone. The lawyer had been hoping for a miracle. Colour the verbs yellow in the following sentences. The answers follow on the next page. 1. The girls opened the door. 2. She is a very pretty baby. 3. The raccoons have been washing their food for ages. 4. The kangaroo can jump very high. 5. All the king’s men can not put Humpty Dumpty together again. 6. The cowboy had been chewing on a stalk of alfalfa. 7. If you gave them this candy, the little boys would become very happy. 8. Are you sure you broke the plate? 9. Later on today, Peter and Janet will be going to a movie. 10. Before I lose my temper, I always count to three. 6 ANSWERS 1. The girls opened the door. 2. She is a very pretty baby. 3. The raccoons have been washing their food for ages. 4. The kangaroo can jump very high. 5. All the king’s men can not put Humpty Dumpty together again. 6. The cowboy had been chewing on a stalk of alfalfa. 7. If you gave them this candy, the little boys would become very happy. 8. Are you sure you broke the plate? 9. Later on today, Peter and Janet will be going to a movie. 10. Before I lose my temper, I always count to three. Contractions and Negatives Sometimes verbs are contracted with their pronoun subject: for example, “I am” might be written “I’m” and “you are” might be written “you’re”. Sometimes, the adverb “not” forms part of the contraction. In the following example sentences, the contraction is written out in full and the verb is shaded yellow. They’re (THEY ARE) going to lose their shirts. We’ll (WE WILL) never be sick at sea. Don’t (DO NOT) forget about the timer on the oven. 7 Expand the contractions (in the margins) and colour all of the verbs yellow in the following sentences. The answers follow. 1. She can’t really follow in her mother’s footsteps. 2. Unfortunately, they didn’t understand the directions on the cake mix box. 3. Aidan wasn’t listening to the teacher at that particular moment. 4. His father told him that he wouldn’t be at the homecoming party. 5. It’s really terrific that you like each other. 6. Katherine reminded me that you’re not like other people. 7. He’ll be moving to Ireland next spring. 8. While I’m looking for sweaters, you should look at the jewellery. 9. Let’s go to the baseball game while we’re in Pasadena. ANSWERS 1. She can’t (CAN NOT) really follow in her mother’s footsteps. 2. Unfortunately, they didn’t (DID NOT) understand the directions on the cake mix box. 3. Aidan wasn’t (WAS NOT) listening to the teacher at that particular moment. 4. His father told him that he wouldn’t (WOULD NOT) be at the homecoming party. 5. It’s (IT IS) really terrific that you like each other. 6. Katherine reminded me that you’re (YOU ARE) not like other people. 7. He’ll (HE WILL) be moving to Ireland next spring. 8. While I’m (I AM) looking for sweaters, you should look at the jewellery. 9. Let’s (LET US) go to the baseball game while we’re (WE ARE) in Pasadena. 10 1. Bob shouted loudly and ran quickly across the driveway. 2. The very sad dog headed home. 3. The girls moved too slowly to suit their teacher. 4. The young children were eagerly waiting for Christmas. 5. We have a really nice cat. 6. The boys ate their dinner so hungrily that mother brought out seconds. 7. Alicia accidentally broke her aunt’s best china plate. 8. The show dog is beautifully groomed. 9. Yesterday it rained, today it is sunny, and tomorrow it is supposed to be cloudy. 10. The adverb is one of the most totally confusing and absolutely annoying parts of speech. ANSWERS 1. Bob shouted loudly and ran quickly across the driveway. 2. The very sad dog headed home. 3. The girls moved too slowly to suit their teacher. 4. The young children were eagerly waiting for Christmas. 5. We have a really nice cat. 6. The boys ate their dinner so hungrily that mother brought out seconds. 7. Alicia accidentally broke her aunt’s best china plate. 8. The show dog is beautifully groomed. 9. Yesterday it rained, today it is sunny, and tomorrow it is supposed to be cloudy. 10. The adverb is one of the most totally confusing and absolutely annoying parts of speech. 11 Prepositions are words that indicate the relationship between nouns or pronouns and other words. They introduce prepositional phrases that usually indicate location, direction or association. In the following example sentences, the prepositions are shaded brown. Tom lived near the pond. Jeremy headed towards the north side of the town. My father thinks you look like Marilyn Monroe. Colour the prepositions brown in the following sentences. The answers follow on the next page. 1. My house is at the end of this street. 2. The car drove through the woods and into the valley. 3. Do you have a lot of money for me? 4. Tie a yellow ribbon around the old oak tree. 5. The three girls are no longer friends with each other. 6. The little cat sat patiently beside her food dish. 7. Margaret lives in an old house. 8. From the start, he was addicted to music. 9. She slid down the hill and over the fence. 10. The hat fell off the table and onto the floor. 12 ANSWERS 1. My house is at the end of this street. 2. The car drove through the woods and into the valley. 3. Do you have a lot of money for me? 4. Tie a yellow ribbon around the old oak tree. 5. The three girls are no longer friends with each other. 6. The little cat sat patiently beside her food dish. 7. Margaret lives in an old house. 8. From the start, he was addicted to music. 9. She slid down the hill and over the fence. 10. The hat fell off the table and onto the floor. Conjunctions are words that connect words, phrases, or clauses. There are two kinds of conjunctions – co-ordinate conjunctions (like “and”, “so”, and “but”) and subordinate conjunctions (like “which”, “when”, and “because”). In order to understand conjunctions properly, students need to know what phrases, principal clauses and subordinate clauses are. More will be explained about these topics later on, but for now it’s enough to know that principal clauses can stand alone, while subordinate clauses cannot stand alone. There’s a cute video on prepositional phrases here. can join words. Bob Sally are happy. can join phrases. Jeremy raced over the hill down the road. can join principal clauses. The pigs squealed, the cows lowed. join subordinate clauses to principal clauses. They ate they talked. 15 EXAMPLE Oh no! My delicate crystal suddenly fell to the floor with a loud crash. Colour each part of speech the appropriate colour in the following sentences. The answers follow on the next page. 1. Our cousins wanted a fast car since they are always in a hurry. 2. The telephone rang and rang, but the manager did not hear it. 3. Dreams are enjoyable, and the achievement of dreams is even better. 4. Holy smokes! Your fancy cigarettes are costing you a lot of money. 5. The carpenter had been using his hammer in an inefficient way. 6. The panther raced very quickly across the endless savannah. 7. The stars and stripes are very important to American citizens. 8. Did you hurt yourself when you fell? 9. A shower of tumbling stars greeted us as we arrived at the fireworks. 10. Stop the use of soap! Your skin will be dry like sandpaper. 11. Which colour do you think best? 12. Helen chose the Caribbean cruise, but Erin chose the African safari. 13. Grammar is the study of the parts of speech and the parts of the sentence. 14. Charlie Brown is famous because, good grief, he is lovable. 15. The skater moved quickly and gracefully to the centre of the huge arena. 16 ANSWERS 1. Our cousins wanted a fast car they are always in a hurry. 2. The telephone rang rang, the manager did not hear it. 3. Dreams are enjoyable, the achievement of dreams is even better. 4. Holy smokes! Your fancy cigarettes are costing you a lot of money. 5. The carpenter had been using his hammer in an inefficient way. 6. The panther raced very quickly across the endless savannah. 7. The stars and stripes are very important to American citizens. 8. Did you hurt yourself you fell? 9. A shower of tumbling stars greeted us we arrived at the fireworks. 10. Stop the use of soap! Your skin will be dry like sandpaper. 11. Which colour do you think best? 12. Helen chose the Caribbean cruise, Erin chose the African safari. 13. Grammar is the study of the parts of speech the parts of the sentence. 14. Charlie Brown is famous , good grief, he is lovable. 15. The skater moved quickly gracefully to the centre of the huge arena.