Biology Final Exam Review: Signaling, Endocrine System, Hormones, Membrane Potentials - Pr, Study notes of Biology

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Local Signaling - cell to cell, happens in us quite a bit. A cut starts a local reaction. Diffuse out into extracellular liquid.

Endocrine glands - inside, secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

Target cells – cells that have the receptor for that signal.

Exocrine glands – outside, excreting material that is ultimately going to leave your body. Pancreas.

Plant Hormones – Antagonistic Pairs; has hormones that breaks and holds seed dormancy.

Animal Hormones – Antagonistic Pairs; (2 hormones that regulate the amount of blood sugar you have). Negative Feedback. Thyroid.

Vast majority of hormones that are excreted by endocrine glands, very little are secreted locally.

Neuro-secretory cells secrete hormones.

3 endocrine glands linked together:

Hypothalamus – TRH |
Anterior Pituitary – TSH ;releases hormone that stimulates the thyroid. |
Thyroid – | (feedback negatively on AP and HYPO) T3,T4
Blood goes through you heart, through and artery, from there to a capillary, then to a vein, then to the heart.(Repeat)

Portal vessel connects 2 capillaries in sequence. Between hypo and ap.

All cells have membrane potentials. Some Cells can produce action potentials. Outside of membrane- NA+ Inside of membrane- K+; O-;(organic molecules) Facilitated ion channels; gated channels(open or close); not affected by a change in voltage. Voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels; open or closes depending on the voltage. Make the action potential. If I depolarize the membrane to the threshold, once I get there I get an action potential. All of this is the result of the voltage gated channels. When I reach the threshold, it’s the voltage at which the channel opens. Muscle cells fire action potentials.