Psychology of Sensation and Perception: A Comprehensive Study - Prof. A. Long, Study notes of Psychology

Download Psychology of Sensation and Perception: A Comprehensive Study - Prof. A. Long and more Study notes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! Psychology 2000 Anna Long Test 2 1) Sensation- process that occurs when special receptors in the sense organs are achieved allowing various forms of outside stimuli to become neural signals in the brain. 2) Perception- brain takes all the sensations people experience allows them to be interpreted 3) Sensory Receptors- form of neurons, cells making up the nervous system A. Eyes- light B. Ears- Vibrations C. Hands and Body- Touch 4) Transduction- processing of converting outside stimuli such as light into neural 5) Just Noticeable Difference- minimum difference between 2 stimuli requires for detection of 50 percent of the time (Difference Threshold) 6) Absolute Threshold- lowest level of stimulus that person can consciously detect 50 percent of the time stimulation present 7) Webber Law- increases proportion to the size of the stimuli Just Noticeable Difference K=DeltaI/L 8) Habituation- way of the brain deals with unchanging information from the environment 9) Subliminal Stimuli- strong enough for sensory receptors to pick them up both not strong enough for us to be able to detect them 10) Sensory Adaption- tendency of sensory receptors to become less responsible to stimulus that is unchanging 11) Wavelength- determine by the length of the wave distance between wave peaks (color) 12) Amplitude- determined by the height of the wave how high or low the actually is (brightness) 13) Saturation- determined how much these is mixture of wavelength (purity) 14) Transduction- transformation of stimulus energy into neural impulses that the brain can understand 15) T/F Different wavelengths result in different colors (True) 16) Intensity- amount of energy is a wave determined by amplitude related to perceive brightness Parts of an Eye 17) Retina- light sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing photoreceptor rods, and cones plus layers of the neurons. Contains sensory receptors that process visual information and seal it to the brain. Bipolar and Ganglion cells process visual information 18) Bipolar Cells- receives messages from photoreceptor and transmits them to ganglion cells which form the optic nerve 19) Cornea- transmit tissue where light enters the eyes 20) Iris- muscle that expands and contrast to change the size of the opening for light 21) Lens- focus the light rays on the retina through visual accommodation 22) Visual Accommodation- process by which the eye lenses changes shape to help focus new or far objects on the retina Problems with Eyes 23) Nearsightedness- near objects seem closer than distant objects 24) Farsightedness- far away objects seem clearly Visual Information 25) Optic Nerve connects to the THALAMUS is the middle of brain and the thalamus to the VISUAL. 26) Optic Nerve- carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain 27) Blind Spot- point where the optic nerve leaves the eye because there are no receptors cells located here. 28) Fovea- central point in the retina around which eye becomes cluster 29) Thalamus- brains sensory switchboard located on top of the brainstem. Directs all sensory messages to the sensory area in the cortex. Damages of the cochlea hair cells 63) Five Basic Test- sweet, sour, salty, bitter, brothy or umami 64) Taste- gustatory (taste buds) receptors and taste buds 65) Smell- olfactory cilia and receptors 66) Gustatory Transduction- conversation of food molecules into nerve impulses in the receptors of the taste buds. 67) Olfactory Cilia- hair like structure located in the upper portion of the nasal passages and responsible for smell 68) Olfactory Transduction- conversion of chemical molecules in the air like nasal impulses by the olfactory cilia 69) Olfactory Receptors- send signs related to smell distinctly up to the olfactory Cilia Types of Sense 70) Somethatic Sense- body sense consisting of the skin case the kinesthetic sense and the vestibular sense Skin Sense 71) Kinesthetic Sense- sense of movement and location of our body in relation 72) Vestibular Sense- monitors the head 73) Senses: muscles, tendons, and joints 74) Circadian Rhythm- day cycle or 24 hours Involve Sleep 75) Body Temperature- higher (alert) lower (sleepier) 76) Serotonin- levels increases throughout the day associated with sleepiness 77) Adenosine- sleep medicine 78) Consciousness- awareness of what is going on around you and in your head No Sleep 79) Microsleeps- brief periods of sleep that last only few seconds 80) Sleep Deprivation- no sleep Symptoms: trembling hands, eye twitching, staring off into space, general discomfort 81) Beta Waves- people are awake and alert 82) Alpha Waves- people are awake and relaxed Theories of Sleep 83) Adaptive Theory of Sleep- sleep of productive of evolution 84) Restorative Theory of Sleep- sleep is important for physical health Sleep 85) Rem Sleep- Rapid Eye Movement 86) Non Rem Sleep- restful sleep Sleep Cycle 87) Non Rem Stage 1- theta waves replace alpha waves light sleep hypnic jerk 88) Non Rem Stage 2- body temperature drops, heart slows, breathing shallow, sleep spindles, people are aware of being asleep 89) Non Rem Stage 3 and 4- stage 3 delta waves and in stage 4 deepest sleep 90) Rem Stage- body temperature rises, eye lids move, heart rate increases, brain waves are beta waves and dreaming Sleep Disorders 91) Rem Sleep Disorder: A) Narcolepsy- excessive random sleeping B) Rem Behavior Disorder- muscles seem paralyzed acting out dreams 92) Non Rem Sleep Disorders: A) Somnambulism- sleep walking B) Night Terrors- state of panic while sleeping C) Insomnia- inability to sleep D) Sleep Apnea- people stop breathing for nearly 30 seconds 93) Dreaming- according to Freud it is wishful fulfillment, people repressed conflicts and events cause these problems 94) Hypnosis- state of conscious which perceives especially to suggestion Elements of Hypnosis: A) Person told to focus on what is being said B) Person told to relax and feel tired C) Accept suggestions D) Vivid imagination 95) Hypnosis Do: relaxation, pain control, decrease anxiety, repress memories, reduce food craving or smoking Started by Franz Anton Messer and James Braid named it hypnosis Theories of Hypnosis 96) Hypnosis Dissociation- subject has split awareness one stream of communication the hypnotist and external word while the other is hidden observer 97) Social Cognitive Theory- People who are hypnotized are not in an altered state of mind but play the role expected of them in the solution 98) Meditation- training ones attention in roles to heighten awareness and being mental process under greater voluntary control Approaches to Meditation 99) Focused Attention Approach- narrow your attention clear the mind of clutter 100) Open Monitoring Approach- expand your attention to allow you to become a observer of the flow of you throughout sensation and feeling 101) Stimulants- drugs that increase the activity of the nervous system and often behavioral activity A) Amphetamines- speed B) Cocaine C) Nicotine D) Caffeine 102) Depressants- decrease the functioning of the nervous system A) Barbitrulizer- minor tranquilizer B) Benzodiazepine- major tranquilizer 103) Narcotics- supreme pain killers with minimum endorphins A) Opium B) Morphine C) Heroin D) Methadone 104) Hallucigens- false sensory memory altering perception of the mind A) LSD B) PCP