Parts of Speech, Study notes of Piano

Download Parts of Speech and more Study notes Piano in PDF only on Docsity! Parts of Speech, Run-On Sentences, Comma Splicing, and Fragments Page 4 Parts of Speech Nouns A noun is a word used to name a person, place, thing, or idea. Examples of nouns: Persons Places Things Ideas mother city book memory politician beach pencil beauty brother state sneakers fear doctor country jacket thought uncle store cell phone dream king mall computer happiness president restaurant car success Notice that persons, places, and things are physical and visible whereas ideas are not. Ideas are abstract concepts that exist in the mind or are a product of mental activity. Practice Classify the following nouns as persons, places, things, or ideas, by writing them in the appropriate columns below. freeway hunger truth landscaper umbrella kitchen calendar table astronaut niece park violence wealth theater DVD cemetery canoe anger love watch father iPad queen joy airport lawyer island senator Persons Places Things Ideas ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ Parts of Speech, Run-On Sentences, Comma Splicing, and Fragments Page 5 Common Nouns and Proper Nouns Nouns are divided into two classes: common nouns and proper nouns. A common noun names a class of things. A proper noun names a particular person, place, or thing. Examples: Corresponding Common Nouns Proper Nouns city Boston building World Trade Center country England mountain Mt. Washington book Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (Proper nouns always begin with a capital letter.) Practice Choose from the list of words on the right to supply the missing common noun or proper noun that is the best match in the pairs below. Corresponding Common Noun Proper Noun Word List 1. automobile ____________ God Bless America 2. ____________ Atlantic Tuesday 3. ____________ Chicago White Sox actor 4. song ____________ ocean 5. university ____________ president 6. day ____________ Titanic 7. ____________ Thoroughbred team 8. ____________ Tom Cruise Harvard 9. movie ____________ Toyota 10. ____________ Abraham Lincoln horse Parts of Speech, Run-On Sentences, Comma Splicing, and Fragments Page 8 Practice Determine which indefinite article, a or an, goes before each of the words written below. 1. _____ ant 14. _____ only child 27. _____ mouse 2. _____ fence 15. _____ zipper 28. _____ school 3. _____ balloon 16. _____ egg 29. _____ newspaper 4. _____ orange 17. _____ pig 30. _____ enemy 5. _____ tractor 18. _____ umbrella 31. _____ vase 6. _____ eraser 19. _____ question 32. _____ orchard 7. _____ job 20. _____ hotel 33. _____ kitten 8. _____ insect 21. _____ reward 34. _____ garage 9. _____ debt 22. _____ igloo 35. _____ upgrade 10. _____ umpire 23. _____ car 36. _____ mile 11. _____ airplane 24. _____ halo 37. _____ axe 12. _____ iPad 25. _____ wheel 38. _____ yard 13. _____ hammer 26. _____ author 39. _____ letter Parts of Speech, Run-On Sentences, Comma Splicing, and Fragments Page 9 Exceptions to the previous rules for "a" and "an." Whether to use "a" or "an" depends on the sound that begins the next word. Therefore, there are a few exceptions to the previous rules for using "a" and "an:" (a) In the previous rules, you were told to use "an" before a word beginning with a vowel sound, such as an apple, an elephant, an inch, an ox, an uncle. Sometimes, the letter h, a consonant, sounds more like a vowel when it is pronounced because the h is silent. An should be used in this case. Examples: Sounds Like an hour an our an honorable discharge an onorable discharge (b) In the previous rules, you were told to use "a" before a word beginning with a consonant sound, such as a basketball, a carrot, a dog, a fly, a goat, a horse, a joke, a kite, a lemon, a monkey, a nurse, a pie, a quarter, a rat, a squirrel, a toad, a vine, a wagon, a xylophone, a yo-yo, a zoo. Sometimes, a word that begins with a vowel actually has a consonant sound. A should be used in this case. Examples: Sounds Like a unicorn a yoo-nicorn a European country a yer-opean country Practice Determine which indefinite article, a or an, goes before each of the words written below. Sounds Like 1. _____ utility yoo-tility 2. _____ honest mistake onest mistake 3. _____ used car yoosed car 4. _____ university yoo-niversity 5. _____ x-ray ex-ray 6. _____ utensil yoo-tensil Parts of Speech, Run-On Sentences, Comma Splicing, and Fragments Page 10 Pronouns A pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns. Example: The teacher showed the students how to solve the problem. She showed them how to do it. She is used in place of teacher, them in place of students, and it in place of problem. There are many kinds of pronouns. Personal pronouns, such as those shown below, are commonly used in sentences. Singular Plural I, me, my, mine we, us, our, ours you, your, yours you, your, yours he, his, him they, them, their, theirs she, her, hers it, its Reflexive pronouns are: Singular Plural myself ourselves yourself yourselves himself, herself, itself themselves Indefinite pronouns are: all each more one anybody either most other another everybody much several any everyone neither some anyone everything nobody somebody anything few none someone both many no one such Try to recognize pronouns when you see them. It is not necessary to remember what kind they are. Parts of Speech, Run-On Sentences, Comma Splicing, and Fragments Page 13 Verbs Some verbs are words that show action. Action verbs Examples of action verbs are: run fight swim shout laugh hit Some action verbs express actions that cannot be seen because they are taking place mentally. However, even though the action is invisible, an action is still taking place. Examples of such verbs are: trust ponder consider evaluate review worry Every sentence must have a subject. The subject of sentence is the person or thing that the sentence is about. The subject is usually a noun or pronoun. Every sentence must have a verb. An action verb tells what the subject of the sentence is doing, has done, or will do. Examples: Subject Action Verb 1. The dog chases the cat. The dog chases 2. Tim pondered the test question. Tim pondered 3. Shelly dances for a living. Shelly dances 4. Alan appears to be happy Alan appears 5. Paul shouts when he gets angry. Paul shouts 6. It takes four years to graduate. It takes 7. She fights for her life due to illness She fights 8. Babe Ruth hit the ball out of the park. Babe Ruth hit 9. We laughed a lot during the movie. We laughed 10. I will drive you to the store. I will drive What part of speech a word is depends on how the word is used in a sentence. Example: The light is still on in the other room. Light is used as a noun (a thing). Please light the fire so it won't be cold. Light is used as a verb (an action). Parts of Speech, Run-On Sentences, Comma Splicing, and Fragments Page 14 Practice There is one subject and one action verb in each of the following sentences. Write the subject and the verb in the spaces provided. Subject Action Verb 1. The deer sometimes run across the field. _______________ _______________ 2. Nancy danced in a recital last night. ____________ ___ _______________ 3. The birds chirp all day long. _______________ _______________ 4. The baby cried all night long. _______________ _______________ 5. Everyone sings before the baseball game. _______________ _______________ 6. I love video games. _______________ _______________ 7. The boy fell out of the tree. _______________ _______________ 8. Dad built a deck onto the house. _______________ _______________ 9. My son plays basketball at the high school. _______________ _______________ 10. Mom cooked a roast beef dinner. _______________ _______________ 11. The shark swam too close to the beach. _______________ _______________ 12. The horse jumped over a four foot fence. _______________ _______________ 13. Jane felt the soft fabric. _______________ _______________ 14. I sent a text message to my friend. _______________ _______________ 15. The woman stumbled over the rocky shore. _______________ _______________ 16. Laura doubts the weather report. _______________ _______________ 17. She studies hard for good grades. _______________ _______________ 18. I ate lunch quickly. _______________ _______________ Parts of Speech, Run-On Sentences, Comma Splicing, and Fragments Page 15 Linking verbs or being verbs Some verbs are words that show being or existence. Examples of these linking verbs or being verbs are: be were shall have been should have been being shall be will have been would have been am will be should be is has been would be are have been can be was had been could be The above verbs are all forms of the verb "be." Any verb that ends with "be" or "been" is a form of the verb "be." Linking verbs link a noun or pronoun (the subject of a sentence) to words that describe or rename it. Linking verbs serve as a link or connection between words on the left of the verb and words on the right. Examples: 1. I should be hungry. 3. The party was awesome. The verb should be links I to hungry. The verb was links party to awesome. Hungry describes the pronoun I. Awesome describes the party. 2. The world is a beautiful place. 4. Dinosaurs are extinct. The verb is links the world to a beautiful place. The verb are links dinosaurs to extinct. A beautiful place describes the noun world. Extinct describes dinosaurs. The following verbs are also sometimes used as linking verbs: appear become feel grow look seem smell sound stay taste Examples: 1. She seems tired. 3. Stephen King became famous. Tired describes she. Famous describes Stephen King. 2. I feel good. 4. The strawberries taste delicious. Good describes I. Delicious describes strawberries. Parts of Speech, Run-On Sentences, Comma Splicing, and Fragments Page 18 Practice Do the following groups of words express a complete thought? Write s for sentence if they do and f for fragment if they do not. 1. Over the rainbow. 1. _______ 2. Somewhere over the rainbow. 2. _______ 3. Somewhere over the rainbow, skies are blue. 3. _______ 4. Once in a while. 4. _______ 5. The cabin in the mountains is isolated. 5. _______ 6. It is true. 6. _______ 7. Not true. 7. ________ 8. The lighthouse on the rocks near York, Maine. 8. ________ 9. Places to go and so much to do. 9. ________ 10. The dog barked. 10. ________ 11. Red, white, and blue. 11. ________ 12. The American flag. 12. ________ 13. The American flag is red, white, and blue. 13. ________ 14. To be or not to be. 14. ________ 15. I'm ready for whatever comes. 15. ________ 16. A threatening storm is predicted for tonight. 16. ________ 17. After high school, when I get a job. 17. ________ 18. My brother and I share the computer. 18. ________ 19. Not a cloud in the sky. 19. ________ Parts of Speech, Run-On Sentences, Comma Splicing, and Fragments Page 19 It is not length and number of words that make a sentence. ______________________________________________________________________________ A VERY SHORT SENTENCE It may surprise you to learn that the following is a complete (although short) sentence: "T'is." is a complete sentence. T'is is a shortcut way of saying, "It is." The subject is "It." The verb is "is." The predicate is "is." "It is." expresses a complete thought. An example of how this sentence might show up in a paragraph is as follows: "Is it likely that our dog Rover stole the hamburgers off the grill when we weren't looking?" "T'is." "T'is." or "It is." answers the question by implying, "Yes, it is likely that Rover stole the hamburgers." ______________________________________________________________________________ A VERY LONG FRAGMENT On the other hand, a lot of words do not necessarily make a sentence. As an example, the following group of words, although many, represent a long fragment. Under the shade of the apple tree down in the meadow by the meandering stream. There are plenty of nouns in the above fragment: shade, tree, meadow, stream. However, there is no subject and no action or linking verb. The above fragment merely names a place, "under the shade of the apple tree" and then goes on to describe where this apple tree is located: "down in the meadow by the meandering stream." This is not a complete thought because the words fail to convey what happened or is going to happen under the apple tree. Why is this place being described? For what reason? Something is missing. The above fragment could be made into a sentence by adding a subject and verb. I will meet you under the shade of the apple tree down in the meadow by the meandering stream. Now there is a pronoun, I, which is the subject of the sentence, and a verb, will meet. Now there is a complete thought. Please note: Noun and subject are not the same thing. A noun names a person, place, thing, or idea. A subject is a name for a part of a sentence. Parts of Speech, Run-On Sentences, Comma Splicing, and Fragments Page 20 The Subject Every sentence must have a subject because a sentence must be about someone or something. The subject is usually a noun or a pronoun The Complete Subject and the Simple Subject The complete subject is all the words taken together that describe the subject. The simple subject is the main word (or group of words) that describes the subject. Examples: 1. Sentence: The large red apple fell from the tree to the ground. Complete Subject: The large red apple Simple Subject: apple 2. Sentence: The Grand Canyon in Arizona is a wonderful sight to see. Complete Subject: The Grand Canyon in Arizona Simple Subject: Grand Canyon Locating the simple subject can help to determine whether a group of words is a sentence or a fragment. Practice For each of the following sentences, underline the complete subject. Then write the simple subject on the line provided. Simple Subject 1. Larry's leather jacket is still his favorite. 1. ____________ 2. The John Deere tractor does a great job. 2. ____________ 3. Bob's trailer truck overturned on the highway. 3. ____________ 4. The young pilot flew his helicopter over the city. 4. ____________ 5. Mr. Johnson's class went on a field trip. 5. ____________ 6. Sixty-two people entered the bicycle race. 6. ____________ 7. Two young girls sold lemonade on the corner. 7. ____________ 8. Three wild turkeys walked down a country road. 8. ____________ Parts of Speech, Run-On Sentences, Comma Splicing, and Fragments Page 23 An exclamatory sentence expresses strong emotion and ends with an exclamation point. Exclamation points should be used sparingly in your writing. Examples: 1. The house is on fire! 2. Don't pat that stray dog! Be careful! If a declarative, imperative, or interrogative sentence shows strong emotion, it should be considered an exclamatory sentence and should end with an exclamation point. Examples: 1. Hornets are everywhere! A statement showing strong emotion should end with an exclamation point. 2. Get out now! A request or command showing strong emotion should end with an exclamation point. 3. Did that dog bite you! A question showing strong emotion should end with an exclamation point. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Practice For each sentence below, supply the ending punctuation mark by writing either a period, a question mark, or an exclamation point. Then state whether the sentence is declarative, imperative, interrogative, or exclamatory. 1. Have you seen my car keys _____ _________________________ 2. I would like to be a great artist someday _____ _________________________ 3. What time is it _____ _________________________ 4. Call 911 _____ _________________________ 5. Help me set the table for dinner _____ _________________________ 6. Hybrid cars are powered by gasoline and electricity _____ _________________________ 7. Take an umbrella with you _____ _________________________ 8. Do you think she'll return my call _____ _________________________ 9. Watch out for that snake _____ _________________________ 10. When are you going to Bermuda _____ _________________________ Parts of Speech, Run-On Sentences, Comma Splicing, and Fragments Page 24 More Parts of Speech Adjectives An adjective is a word that describes (or modifies) a noun or a pronoun. An adjective may indicate: a. what kind of a thing something is: old car heavy package long rope b. which one something is: this jacket that building those papers c. how many there are of something: few words some people sixty-two feet The above adjectives all describe nouns. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- An adjective does not always come before the noun or pronoun it describes. Examples: The grass is green. Green describes grass. The boy was hungry. Hungry describes boy. She is excited. Excited describes "she." They seem disappointed. Disappointed describes "they." An adjective is almost always separated from a pronoun, such as "she" or "they." ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The words the, a, and an are also adjectives, but since they are the most frequently used adjectives, they are given the special name of articles. Examples: The dog barked. She waited for an hour. Dan got on a boat at the dock. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pronouns or adjectives? What about sentences like "This is my book" or "That is her phone." Since my describes book and her describes phone, are these words adjectives or are they still pronouns? Answer: Pronouns Pronouns that describe nouns are considered possessive pronouns and not adjectives. Parts of Speech, Run-On Sentences, Comma Splicing, and Fragments Page 25 Practice There is one adjective in each of the following sentences. Underline each one. 1. The big hill is good for skiing. 2. The dark sky predicts trouble. 3. Several cows live in the barn. 4. The popcorn was tasty. 5. I saw two accidents this morning on my way to work. 6. Many students have trouble with algebra. 7. Look at that beautiful car. 8. Alice does not like black olives. 9. Few people come to this place. 10. There are fifty states in the U.S. 11. The great Titanic hit an iceberg. 12. The boys love pepperoni pizza. 13. They are happy to be here. 14. A small box arrived in the mail. 15. The doctor wore a white jacket. 16. The students were glad when school ended. 17. My throat is sore this morning. 18. The water in the lake was cold. Parts of Speech, Run-On Sentences, Comma Splicing, and Fragments Page 28 Practice There is one adverb in each of the following sentences. Find the adverb by identifying the word that describes how, when, where, or to what extent. Then underline the adverb. 1. Laura sings beautifully. 2. John ran swiftly toward the finish line. 3. We yelled excitedly when our team won. 4. It is too hot to work. 5. I am very happy you came. 6. They carefully planned their vacation. 7. The rabbit cleverly avoided the fox. 8. The kids adjusted easily to their new school. 9. An unusually large package arrived in the mail. 10. Some people are always late. 11. The car was slightly damaged in the accident. 12. Diane did remarkably well on her calculus test. 13. She ran angrily out of the room. 14. Lost in a blizzard, the men were terribly cold. 15. I left your car keys there. 16. It was quite warm in the sun. 17. It is extremely cold outside. 18. I seriously believe you are making a big mistake. Parts of Speech, Run-On Sentences, Comma Splicing, and Fragments Page 29 Conjunctions Conjunctions are used to join words or groups of words or sentences. Note: When two complete sentences are combined with a conjunction, a comma comes before the conjunction. Below is a list of commonly used conjunctions and when they are used. Each of the examples shows two complete sentences being joined by a conjunction. Therefore, notice that there is a comma before the conjunction. Used to Example 1. and add information The car hit a tree, and the driver was injured. 2. but show a contrast It was raining, but I went for a swim. 3. yet show a contrast Sam is sixty years old, yet he still runs every day. 4. so show a cause and then the effect The dog got sick, so she took him to the vet. 5. for show an effect and then the cause She shut the windows, for a storm was coming. 6. or show two alternatives I'll sit in the sun, or I'll go in the water. 7. nor show two negatives Jan will not study, nor will she practice the piano. In the examples shown above, there is a complete sentence to the left of the conjunction and a complete sentence to the right of the conjunction: Two Complete Sentences The Two Sentences Combined 1. The car hit a tree. The car hit a tree, and the driver was injured. The driver was injured. 2. It was raining. It was raining, but I went for a swim anyways. I went for a swim anyways. 3. Sam is sixty years old. Sam is sixty years old, yet he still runs every day. He still runs every day. 4. The dog got sick. The dog got sick, so she took him to the vet. She took him to the vet. 5. She shut the windows. She shut the windows, for a storm was coming. A storm was coming. 6. I'll sit in the sun. I'll sit in the sun, or I'll go in the water. I'll go in the water. 7. Jan will not study Jan will not study, nor will she practice the piano. She will not practice the piano. (Nor is used to combine these two negatives. Jan will not study, nor will she practice the piano has the same meaning as Jan will not study, and she will not practice the piano. Parts of Speech, Run-On Sentences, Comma Splicing, and Fragments Page 30 Practice Combine the two sentences below by using the conjunction shown in parenthesis. Remember to put a comma before the conjunction. 1. It's a beautiful summer day. We're off to the beach. (and) ________________________________________________________________________ 2. The meeting starts at 7:00 p.m. You need to be on time. (and) ________________________________________________________________________ 3. I would like to go to school today. I'm feeling too sick. (but) ________________________________________________________________________ 4. Alice would love to buy a new car. She can't afford the payments. (but) ________________________________________________________________________ 5. This jacket is so old and worn out. It remains my favorite. (yet) ________________________________________________________________________ 6. I'll have to study. I can pass algebra. (so) ________________________________________________________________________ 7. Bob yelled at the dog. It was digging holes in the yard. (for) ________________________________________________________________________ 8. Do your homework. You can't watch T.V. (or) ________________________________________________________________________ 9. Emily does not want to go shopping. Emily does not want to see a movie. (nor) ________________________________________________________________________ Parts of Speech, Run-On Sentences, Comma Splicing, and Fragments Page 33 Examples (continued): 2. Into the forest ran the black bear. The verb is "ran." What ran? The bear ran. Bear is the subject. Into the forest ran the black bear. This could also be written or interpreted as "The black bear ran into the forest. 3. One of my friends likes to talk a lot. The verb is "likes." Who likes to talk? You may be tempted to say friends, but this is not the subject. The subject is One. "Of my friends" is a prepositional phrase. One of my friends likes to talk a lot. Sentences Beginning with There or Here When a sentence begins with the words "There" or "Here," you may think that "there" or "here" is the subject of the sentence, but this is not the case. Once again, use the verb to help you find the subject. 4. There is an eagle flying above the lake. What is flying? An eagle is flying. The subject is eagle. Above the lake is a prepositional phrase. There is an eagle flying above the lake. Sentences That Ask Questions Questions usually begin with When, Where, How, Why, What, or a verb. A good way to find the subject is to turn the question into a statement, then find the verb and go from there. 5. Question: Is Susan going to San Francisco? Statement: Susan is going to San Francisco. Who is going? Susan. Susan is the subject. 6. Question: Why is the horse limping? Statement: The horse is limping. What is limping? The horse. Horse is the subject. (When a verb is separated into two parts, such as in this example, Why is the horse limping?, the subject always comes in the middle of the two parts of the verb.) Parts of Speech, Run-On Sentences, Comma Splicing, and Fragments Page 34 A compound preposition is composed of more than one word. Examples: according to by reason of in order to on account of along with due to in place of out of as of except for in spite of prior to because of in addition to instead of together with by means of in front of next to with regard to Practice For each sentence below, determine the simple subject. Cross out any prepositional phrases if they exist. Simple Subject 1. The boys in the back of the room were texting. _______________ 2. Behind the parade strolled clowns holding red balloons. _______________ 3. Two of the New England Patriots are being traded this year. _______________ 4. There are storm clouds on the horizon. _______________ 5. What are the consequences of getting a speeding ticket? _______________ 6. When will you come to visit me again? _______________ 7. Is the store on the corner open until 11:00 p.m.? _______________ 8. Why is that airplane flying so low? _______________ 9. According to the weather forecast, a hurricane is coming. _______________ 10. Instead of going skiing, we could go ice skating. _______________ 11. Due to a bad economy, many people are unemployed. _______________ 12. Because of reduced rates, many joined the health club. _______________ 13. Down in the meadow the birds chirped. _______________ 14. In order to succeed, one needs to work hard. _______________ 15. Over the river and through the woods to Grandmother's house we go. _______________