Parts of Speech and Grammar Rules, Slides of Grammar and Composition

Download Parts of Speech and Grammar Rules and more Slides Grammar and Composition in PDF only on Docsity! Speech •Speech is a noun. It is the power of speaking; oral communication; ability to express one's thoughts and emotions by speech sounds and gesture. •It is a form of communication in spoken language, made by a speaker before an audience for a given purpose. Parts of Speech •In traditional grammar, a part of speech is a category of words that have similar grammatical properties. Words that are assigned to the same part of speech generally display similar syntactic behavior—they play similar roles within the grammatical structure of sentences, •In English the main parts of speech are noun, pronoun, adjective, determiner (article), verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. « Common e Proper e Abstract _ © Concrete Y ¢ Countable ' e Uncountable ¢ Compound e Collective e Singular ¢ Plural e Possessive Types Of Noun 1. Common These name general, nonspecific people, places, things, or ideas. Examples: man, city, religion, airline 2. Proper These name specific people, places, things, or ideas. Examples: Imran Khan, Lahore, Islam, PIA Types Of Noun 3. Abstract They name something that you cannot perceive with your five senses. Examples: happiness, love, pride, religion, belief 4. Concrete These name something that you can perceive with your five senses. Examples: eyes, lion, suitcase, flower, chocolate Types Of Noun 9. Singular These refer to one person, place, thing, or idea. Examples: cat, ship, hero, monkey, baby 10. Plural These refer to more than one person, place, thing, or idea. Examples: cats, ships, heroes, monkeys, babies Continue.. Types Of Noun 11. Possessive These show ownership. Examples: Dad's car, the student's books and Ali's hat Rules for changing singular nouns into plural nouns When singular noun ends at o,ch,sh,ss,x then plural is made by adding -es and it sounds as | iz|. Examples: Box Catch Dish Boxes catches dishes When a noun ends at y two cases arise which are: When alphabet before ‘y’ is a vowel then plural is made by simply adding ‘s’ in the noun. Example: Boy becomes Boys Toy becomes Toys When alphabet before ‘y’ is not a vowel then plural is made by removing ‘y’ and placing ‘ies’ in noun. Example: Butterfly becomes butterflies  These twelve words always make their plural by just removing ‘f’ or ‘fe’ and adding ‘ves’ at end. 1. Calf 2. Half 3. Wolf 4. Wife 5. Knife 6. Thief 7. Shelf 8. Self 9. Leaf 10. Life 11. Loaf 12. Sheaf Calves Halves Wolves Wives Knives Thieves Shelves Selves Leaves Lives Loaves Sheaves Adjective A word which modifies noun or pronoun. It enhances the impact of noun or pronoun. Examples Adjective modifying noun:  Large elephant  Empty house Adjective modifying pronoun:  He is brave.  They are good students. Placement of Adjective • It takes its place before as well as after the noun or pronoun which it modifies. Example: 1. He is a brave man. 2. House was empty. Verb A verb denotes an action, feeling or being of a subject (noun) Examples The train moves. The guest arrived yesterday. He received his gift. Importance The verb plays a role of backbone of a sentence as without a verb the sentence is complete. Examples Major Aziz Bhatti won Nisha-e-Haider.  Question: Who won Nisha-e-Haider?  Answer: Major Aziz Bhatti (Subject).  Question: Major Aziz Bhatti won what?  Answer: Nisha-e-Haider (Object). Intransitive Verb The verb in which an action that is performed by a subject does not transmit itself into object and is still continued (action or verb) is called an intransitive verb. In the other words the verb which only requires a subject to show the relationship of action and doer of action in a sentence is called intransitive verb. Examples: Not an object  She looked pretty.  He works well. Subject Auxiliary Verb Auxiliary verbs are also called helping verbs. They are used to help the principal verbs. Infinitive/ Nonfinite Verb A non-finite verb is a verb form that does not show tense. In other words, you cannot tell if a sentence is in the past tense, present tense, or future tense by looking at a non-finite verb. ... Example: 1. Baking, singing 2. to bake, to sing ADVERB Basically, most adverbs tell u how ,where or when some thing is done. In other words, they describe the manner, place or time of an action. Some Examples of Adverbs are : She sings sweetly. He writes neatly. Ahmad smiled cheerfully. Kind of Adverb Place determining adverb. Manner determining adverb. Time determining adverb. Frequency determining adverb. Quantity/Degree determining adverb. Purpose/Reason determining adverb. Affirmative/Negation Adverb of Time Some adverbs and adverb phrases answer the question “when?” They are called adverb of time. Examples: • The train has already left. • We moved into our new house last week. • Our favorite T.V. program starts at 6’o clock • We shall now begin to work. • He comes here daily. Adverb of Frequency Some adverbs and adverb phrases answer the question “how often an action is done” They are called adverb of frequency. Examples: • The children always go to school on the bus. • I clean my bedroom everyday. • Dad polishes his shoes twice a week. Adverb of Quantity/Degree It shows how much , or in what degree or to what extent. Examples: • The sea is very stormy. • I am fully prepared. • These mangoes are almost ripe. • He was too careless. Formation of Adverbs Most adverbs are formed by adding –ly to their corresponding adjectives. Examples are: kindly(kind),slowly(slow),hardly(hard),sweetly (sweet) etc. She is very beautiful (adjective). She is beautifully (adverb) dressed. He is a strange (adjective) person. He behaved strangely (adverb). Points to be Noted 1) If the adjective end in –y, replace it with –i and then add –ly examples are: • Happy • Angry Happily Angrily • Lucky Luckily 2) If the adjectives ends in –able, -ible or –le, replace the –e with –y. Examples are: • Probable • Gentle • Horrible Probably Gently Horribly Contd… 3) If the adjective ends in –ic, add –ally. Examples are : • Basic • Economic Basically Economically This rule ,however, has an exception. The adverb formed from public is publicly, not publically. Classification of Preposition  Simple Prepositions:These include following examples: at, by ,in ,on, of, out, through, till, to, up, with, from, off etc.  Compound Preposition:It is composed of two words: instead of ,according to ,because of ,in addition to etc. Preposition with nouns, adjectives, verbs  Nouns and prepositions: Example: His fear of flying made travel difficult.  Adjectives and prepositions: Example: Ali is afraid of bats.  Verbs and prepositions: Example: I live in this house. Preposition phrase as a Noun It is possible for a preposition phrase to act as a noun. Example: “During a church service is not a good time to discuss picnic plans” But this is seldom appropriate in formal or academic writing. CONJUNCTION . Conjunction : • The word which joins two phrases , clauses or sentences. • For example: Types of conjunction • Coordinate conjunction Coordinate conjunction is to join words, phrases and clauses together, which are usually grammatically equal. Example:  Pizza and burgers are my favorite snacks.  I wanted to buy a car but I had no money. What are interjections? Interjections are the words that express strong feelings or emotions which are not grammatically related to the rest of the sentence. Oh, no! Wow ! Stop! Ouch! Interjections They can show happiness(Hurrah!), sorrow (alas!),anger(grrrr!),surprise(a ha!) or other emotions. Interjections ***Use an Exlaimation mark(!) If the emotion is strong*** • Wow! I won the lottery! ***Use a Comma(,) if the emotion is not strong*** • Wow, I have a peanut and jelly sandwich for lunch. Importance • Express the writer’s feelings. • May be in the end or beginning of a sentence • Followed by exclamation mark. • Placed between commas. • Used in informal writing. Articles: A, An, and The An article (abbreviated ART) is a word (or prefix or suffix) that is used with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun (Article, 2014). How do we use articles? Used with countable nouns such as chair, dog, cat, pencil, bottle, etc. Types of articles: 1. Definite 2. Indefinite Contd… Used only with singular objects Think of replacing “a” or “an” with “one.” Also used when first mentioning something: “A butterfly landed on my dog’s nose. The butterfly was pink.” THANK YOU!