parts of speech english parts of speech emglis, Lecture notes of English Language

Download parts of speech english parts of speech emglis and more Lecture notes English Language in PDF only on Docsity! Alphabet • A combination of symbols to reflect some specific sound of a language • They are divided into two types; Consonant Vowel Word • A single distinct meaningful element of speech or writing, used with others (or sometimes alone) to form a sentence and typically shown with a space on either side when written or printed • It has 8 different types and its division is called Parts of Speech Kinds of Noun • Common Noun: is a name given in common to every person or thing of the same class or kind. • Proper Noun: A Proper Noun is the name of some particular person or place. • Akbar was a wise king • Abstract Noun • It is the name of an action, quality, state or idea. • It is the name of a noun that is not physical\ • E.g • Happiness, sweetness Conti....... Quality - Goodness, kindness, whiteness, darkness, hardness, brightness, honesty, wisdom, bravery. Action - Love, theft, movement, judgment, hatred. State - Childhood, boyhood, youth, slavery, sleep, sickness, death, poverty Abstract Nouns have no plural. They are uncountable. Hope, charity, love, kindness. Conti……. • Countable Nouns • They are the things that we can count . E.g bottles, boxes, cats, pens • Uncountable Nouns • They are the things and concepts that we can not count E.g • Milk, butter, happiness, rice, sugar Conti…… • Compound Noun • A noun that is made up of two or three or three words or more is called compound nouns • E.g. classroom, son-in-law, bedroom etc. The Pronoun The pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns. It may stand for a person, place, thing, or idea. The pronoun is a ord used in place of one or ore nouns. It ay stand for a person, place, thing, or idea. Per son al P ron oun s I, m e, m ine you , yo ur, you rs she , he r, h ers , it, i ts we, us, ou r, o urs the y, t hem , th eir, the irs my sel f you rse lf Indefinite Pronouns anybody everyone none someone, one, etc.Interrogative /Relative Pronouns who whom what which whose Demonstrative Pronouns this that these those Kinds of pronoun • Relative Pronoun: It relates to some noun or other pronoun going before • Who, whose, whom, which, that, what • I met a professor who is my neighbour • I met a girl whom I don’t know • The flowers that grow in our gardens are not for sale Kinds of pronoun • Reflexive Pronoun: when the action is done by the subject turns back (reflects) upon the subject .It is said to be reflexive pronoun. They always end in self or selves. • I hurt myself • You will hurt yourself. • She killed herself Kinds of pronoun Emphatic Pronoun: Pronouns are used for the sake of emphasis, and are therefore called Emphatic Pronouns. • I feel myself comfortable here • He himself was not ready to help me • I will do it myself. • I myself saw him do it. • We will see to it ourselves. The Verb The term ‘verb’ is from the Latin word ‘Verbum’ meaning ‘word’ Linking Li i “be” verbs & taste feel sound look appear become seem grow remain stay SubjectSubject predicatepredicate Action Verb • A word that shows an action, state or an event is called verb. • They study English grammar (action) • We celebrate Eid. ( event) • We sleep at night. (state) Kinds of Verbs • Main Verbs: express mental or physical action. Walk, Talk, go, run, play, study • Auxiliary Verbs: Auxiliary verbs are also called helping verbs which help us to form a tense or mood. Two types of Auxiliary verbs: • Primary Auxiliary Verbs •Modal Auxiliary Verbs The Adjective Modifies or describes a noun or pronoun. Is that a wool sweater? Just give me five minutes. Did you lose your address book? Kinds of Adjective • Adjectives of quality • Adjectives of quantity • Demonstrative Adj • Distributive Adj • Proper Adj • Possessive Adj • Emphatic Adj • Exclamatory Adj Conti….. • Adjectives of quality • It tells us something about the color, age, the condition, or any other bad or good quality of a person, place or thing • He is a good boy • He was an old man • This is a black pen • Adjective of Quantity • Interrogative Adjective • They are used to ask a question with the help of W.H questions e,g • who, whose, whom, why, what • Possessive Adjective • They are used to show possession • E,g my, his, her, your, our and their • Exclamatory Adjective • When ‘what’ alone or with a phrase modify a noun is called exclamatory adjective e.g • what a personality you have! • What a plan it is! The Adverb Modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. odifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Answers the questions:Ans ers the questions: How?? He ran quickly.He ran quickly. She left yesterday.She left yesterday. When?e ? We went there.e ent there. Where?ere ? It was too hot!It as too hot! To what degree or how much?To hat degree or ho uch? Conti… • Adverbs of frequency • It tells us that how often an action takes place e.g Always, Usually, • She always speaks truth • Adverbs of degree • It tells us about the intensity or degree of an action e.g definitely, surely, obviously, certainly • Interrogative Adverbs • When w.h words(when, why, how there) are used to ask question are called interrogative pronouns • Relative Adverbs • When w.h words are used between two clauses e.g Do you know where she lives? • They know why I left the job? The Preposition A word which is used before a noun and pronoun to Show its relation with other things is called preposition. They received a postcard from Ali telling about his trip to Canada. The conjunction A conjunction is a word that joins words or groups of words. an d or but eithe r/or neither/nor The Interjection is an exclamatory word that expresses Emotion 1. Sadness Alas! he has met an accident. 2. Happiness Hurrah! We have won our match. 3. Wonder what a beautiful this house is! 4. Surprise How old this woman is! 5. Praise Bravo! you have done well.