PATHO_ Exam 1 Study Guide./PATHO_ Exam 1 Study Guide., Exams of Health sciences

Download PATHO_ Exam 1 Study Guide./PATHO_ Exam 1 Study Guide. and more Exams Health sciences in PDF only on Docsity! ◆ PATHO_ Exam 1 Study Guide. PATHO: Exam 1 Study Guide Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology What is pathophysiology Disease stages, e.g. latent, prodromal, chronic, exacerbation, convalescence, etc. Levels of prevention Primary - reduce exposure Secondary - early detection screening Tertiary - rehabilitative supportive care Chapter 2: Stress Vocabulary: Homeostasis, Allostasis, habituation ● Homeostasis - a state of equilibrium, of balance within the organism. ● Fluid and electrolyte imbalance Homeostatic responses refer to systems whose purpose is specifically to normalize selected physiologic variables. ● Allostasis - overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being. ○ Environment and lifestyle changes PATHO_ Exam 1 Study Guide. ○ Allostasis involves intricate regulatory processes orchestrated by the brain. ○ Allostasis may involve altering multiple physiologic variables to match the resources of the body to environmental demands. ○ It helps the body achieve homeostasis. PATHO_ Exam 1 Study Guide. Magnesium 1.5-25mEq/L PATHO_ Exam 1 Study Guide. Fluid excretion – what happens if abnormal amount ● Occurs during: ○ Normal excretion ■ Sweating ■ Urination ■ Respiration ■ Defecation ○ Abnormal secretion ■ Vomiting ■ Diarrhea ■ Hemorrhagin g Dehydration causes Edema – where is fluid, causes of Bone function in terms of electrolytes PATHO_ Exam 1 Study Guide. Composition of body fluid compartments PATHO_ Exam 1 Study Guide. ● Hypernatremia (>Na+) ○ High sodium concentration = low water concentration = dehydration ○ Causes a release of ADH which would make the body want to retain water ○ Can cause hypotension, tachycardia, restlessness ● Hyponatremia (<Na+) ○ Caused by over-dilution of sodium, drinking too much water or losing sodium from excessive sweating/diarrhea ○ Can cause lethargy, headache, confusion, apprehension, seizures, coma, cerebral swelling ● Magnesium (Mg) ● Hypermagnesemia (>Mg) ○ Can be caused by renal failure or taking too many magnesium containing antacids ○ Can cause depressed nerve function and skeletal muscle contraction, nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, hypotension bradycardia, and respiratory depression ● Hypomagnesemia (<Mg) ○ Can be caused by: malnutrition, malabsorption, metabolic acidosis & renal failure ○ Can cause: tetany = over contraction/excitation of a muscle and cannot relax, muscular excitability tremors, along with confusion, depression, irritability, and nystagmus = uncontrollable eye movement ● Calcium (Ca) PATHO_ Exam 1 Study Guide. ● Hypercalcemia (>Ca) ○ Caused by hyperparathyroidism and bone metastases ■ Calcium which is normally stored in the bone is being broken down and elevating blood fluid concentrations of calcium ○ Causes loss of cell excitability = fatigue, weakness, lethargy, anorexia, nausea, constipation ■ Along with kidney stones due to increased concentration forming salts ■ Causes shortened QT segments on an EKG and bradycardia ● Hypocalcemia (<Ca) ○ Can be caused by low levels of vitamin D ○ Causes hyperexcitation of muscles, tetany, muscle spasms and seizures can occur Phosphorus (P) ● Phosphorus (P) (Phosphate in the body) ● Interaction between calcium and phosphate concentrations Chapter 7: Neoplasms Steps in carcinogenesis, e.g. initiation, promotion, progression PATHO_ Exam 1 Study Guide. Vocabulary, e.g. anaplasia, oncogene Anaplasia high in malignant tumors PATHO_ Exam 1 Study Guide. Chapter 8 Infectious Process Bacterial endotoxins and exotoxins Antimicrobial resistance Chain of infection What effect does immunization have on immunity? This would cause an acquired immune response, in which specialized white blood cells “recognize” specific pathogens and mobilize more effectively to fight it Vaccinations use a weakened dose of a pathogen so that the body would be better equipped to fight the stronger version of the pathogen found in nature PATHO_ Exam 1 Study Guide. What does the body do when there is a fever? Chapter 9 Inflammation What are signs of inflammation, what causes these?; for example what causes edema? PATHO_ Exam 1 Study Guide. Causes of inflammation Mediators of acute inflammation, results of Lymph node locations What do treatments do to reduce inflammation, e.g. glucocorticoids, ice Tests for inflammation Chapter 10 Immune Function Vocabulary - macrophages Inflammation results in release of what mediators? PATHO_ Exam 1 Study Guide. Hypersensitivity reactions, IgE, IgM, IgG PATHO_ Exam 1 Study Guide. Function of different WBC’s; when do we see increased #?: eos, basos, lymphs, monos Histamine PATHO_ Exam 1 Study Guide. ● Causes vasodilation which improves circulation to allow WBCs and macrophages to get to the damaged sites PATHO_ Exam 1 Study Guide. Osteoarthritis Degenerative joint disease which is caused by a progressive loss of articular cartilage Crepitus = joint creaking sounds PATHO_ Exam 1 Study Guide. Psoriatic arthritis Chapter 53 Integumentary System Types of exudates PATHO_ Exam 1 Study Guide. Healing process PATHO_ Exam 1 Study Guide. Pressure ulcers Stage 1 Pressure ulcer: PATHO_ Exam 1 Study Guide. So a stage 1 pressure ulcer will stay red even after applying pressure, non-blanchable Stage 2 Pressure ulcer: Stage 3 Pressure ulcer: When skin is rolled and touches the inner injury, the tissue itself would be less likely to heal due to the body thinking there is already skin there, rolled skin may need to be removed to heal properly Stage 4 Pressure ulcer: PATHO_ Exam 1 Study Guide. Unstageable Pressure Injury: