Medical Terminology and Pathophysiology Study Notes, Exams of Pathophysiology

Download Medical Terminology and Pathophysiology Study Notes and more Exams Pathophysiology in PDF only on Docsity! Patho Final Exam Solve the following acid-base problem: pH= 7.28; PCO2= 50; HCO3=26 - Respiratory acidosis Solve the following acid-base problem: pH= 7.19; PCO2= 40; HCO3= 18 - Metabolic acidosis Solve the following acid-base problem: pH= 7.52; PCO2= 29; HCO3= 23 - Respiratory alkalosis Solve the following acid-base problem: pH= 7.38; PCO2= 44; HCO3= 24 - Normal Solve the following acid-base problem: pH= 7.60; PCO2= 40; HCO3= 32 - Metabolic alkalosis Solve the following acid-base problem: pH= 7.25; PCO2= 47; HCO3= 25 - Respiratory acidosis Your patient W.M. has the following arterial blood gases: pH= 7.25, pCO2= 50; HCO3= 22. You are not surprised when your patient has a history of which of the following chronic illnesses? - Emphysema True or false: A patient with respiratory acidosis can compensate for the disorder by hyperventilating. - False In an attempt to compensate for in metabolic acidosis, the lungs will increase respiratory rates in hopes of: - Decreasing arterial pCO2 The bicarbonate buffer system is the most important buffer system in the body uses ______ as its weak acid and ________ as its weak base for compensation. - Carbonic acid; bicarbonate Which of the following patients would have the greatest risk of developing metabolic acidosis? - Patients with diabetes mellitus True or false: If the acid-base abnormality is respiratory in nature, the lungs will be able to compensate on their own - False Hyperventilation could eventually cause: - Alkalosis The best way to treat a patient with hyperventilation is to: - Have them breathe into a paper bag The strength of an acid is to determine how freely: - Hydrogen ions are released The end produce of anaerobic metabolism is: - Lactic acid The movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane in response to an uneven concentration of non-modifiable particles from an area of lower concentration to higher concentration is called: - Osmosis If Mr. K has inadequate blood flow to the left side of his heart for a long period of time, he may suffer from a(n) _______________, which is a type of necrosis. - Infarction Cells that do not resemble the normal tissue from which they arose - Malignant Rate of growth is usually rapid in these tumors. - Malignant Tumor tissue is contained in a capsule. - Benign Tumor spreads by way of blood and lymph channels to other areas of the body. - Malignant Cells are well differentiated and look much like the cells around them. - Benign What is the appropriate term for new growth? - Neoplasm What are genes that prevent tumor growth? - Tumor-suppressor gene What is the appropriate term for a mutated cancerous gene? - Oncogene Oncogenes consists of a three step process. The step in which mutated cells are stimulated to divide and experience accelerated growth is: - Promotion Although both staging and grading are methods of classifying cancer and selecting treatment plans, grading is used to determine: - Level of differentiation Staging of tumors is used to determine: - Extent of disease spread Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that code for appropriate amounts of proteins the body needs. - True All are true of neoplastic cells EXCEPT: - They grow into mature cells Which is an inherited connective tissue disorder? - Marfan Syndrome A client presents with less strength, high elastic skin, and joints that are hypermobile. Which condition can be diagnosed in the client based on these characteristics? - Ehlers-Danlos syndrome A client presents with lethargy and muscle flaccidity. The client's family members report cognitive impairment of the client. What finding would the nurse look for if Tay Sachs disease is suspected? - Cherry-red spot on the retina on ophthalamic examination A 19 year old male client present with rheumatoid arthritis. The client has a tall, tanky body, sparse facial hair. He complains of decreased physical endurance. How could a diagnosis of Klinefelter syndrome be confirmed in the client? - Perform genetic testing and hormone analysis A karyotype is the overall picture of: - All the chromosomal pairs of a species _______________ are recognizable physical or biochemical traits of a person. - Phenotype Sex linked genetic disorders are almost always associated with the: - X chromosome A factor associated with the risk for Down Syndrome is: - Advanced maternal age A teratogen is: - An agent that causes physical defects in the developing embryo A fetus is most vulnerable to environmental teratogens during: - First trimester Which of the following organs would please renin in response to a decrease in fluid volume or renal (kidney) blood flow? - Kidneys The best treatment for a patient who suffers from hypovolemia would be to offer oral fluids and administer which type of intravenous fluid? - Isotonic Your patient has a sodium level of 125 mEq/L. This indicates the patient has which of the following: - Cortisol What is oncotic pressure? - The force exerted by albumin in the bloodstream Which IV fluids should be avoided for a client with cerebral edema? - Hypotonic solution A nurse is analyzing an arterial blood gas report of a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and respiratory acidosis. Which compensation mechanism is likely to occur? - The kidneys will retain bicarbonate Which is a normal blood pH? - 7.35 What is an acidic pH of blood? - 6.00 What is the normal range of bicarbonate concentration in the blood? - 22-26 mEq/L Which is an example pf eustress? - Job promotion What is the best intervention to correct hypervolemic hyponatremia in a client diagnosed with a serum sodium level of 120 mEq/L? - Administration of tolvaptan What is the daily potassium requirements of humans for optimal cell functioning? - 20 mEq This is a protective process intended to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, remove the damaged tissue, and generate new tissue. - Inflammation During the inflammation process the production of WBCs increase throughout the area affected this process is called: - Leukocytosis The acute inflammatory process involves the production of __________; they can be serous, hemorrhagic, fibrinous, membranous, or purulent. - Exudates This process causes arterioles to dilate and increases the permeability of venules - Inflammation Granulocytes, monocyte/macrophages, and lymphocytes are all considered what: - WBCs Where do T lymphocytes mature? - Thymus This is a self-limiting lymphproliferative disorder caused by the Epstein Barr virus? - Infectious mononucleosis Multiple myeloma is a malignancy of: - Plasma cells A 16 year old girl has been brought to her primary care provider by her mother due to the daughter's recent malaise and lethargy. Which of the following assessments should the clinician perform in an effort t confirm or rule out infectious mononucleosis? - Palpating the patient's lymph nodes In contrast to acute leukemias, chronic leukemias are malignancies involving abnormal ___________ blood cells in the marrow. - Production of well-differentiated The patient is diagnosed with the Hodgkin type of lymphoma based on the results of lab tests and study of the tumor cells. A distinct characteristic of Hodgkin Lymphoma is the presence of: - Reed-Sternberg cells Which of the following interventions should the nurse undertake when caring for a patient with multiple myeloma? - Manage pain Which of the following leukocytes defend against pathogens that break the skin or mucus membrane barrier? - Neutrophils Which of the following leukocytes release the anticoagulant heparin and play a major role in allergic reactions? - Basophils Which of the following leukocytes work as the main macrophage in the body? - Monocytes A 17 year old boy has enlarged lymph nodes and a sore throat. His girlfriend was recently diagnoised with infectious mononucleosis, which is caused by ________ and commonly transmitted by in saliva. - Epstein-Barr virus One with Kaposi's Sarcoma and CD4 cell count of 190 HIV infection causes immunodeficiency because it: - Causes the destruction of helper T cells The public health nurse considers that which of the following individuals is at greatest risk of acquiring HIV? - Sexually active teenager Prions cause transmissible neurodegenerative diseases and are characterized by: - Chronic inflammation An HIV (+) mother gave birth to a baby who also tests (+) for HIV. This is an example of which mode of transmission. - Direct contact A 25 year old female has a low transverse incision after a c-section. The nurse notices redness and drainage to the incision sight. After cultures are done, it is found that she has staphylooccus aureas. The staphylococus gained access to the patient by which mode of transmission? - Penetration A.P. is 75 year old man who has hospitalized last week after suffering from a heart attack. Five days after admission. A.P. began to run a fever and complain of shortness of breath with a cough. His chest x-ray confirms pneumonia. His pneumonia would be considered which type of infection? - Nosocomial J.K. has been admitted to the hospital with pancreatitis. This means J.K has - Inflammation of the pancreas The course of any infectious disease progresses through several distinct stages after the pathogen enters the host. Although the duration may vary, the hallmark of the prodramal stage is: - Initial appearance of symptoms A 33 year old patient who has a long-term intravenous user of heroin has been recently diagnosed with hepatitis C. Which of the following portals of entry most likely led to the patient's infection? - Penetration Which of the following types of exudate contain pus, white blood cells, and debris from the area of injury? - Purulent The cellular stage of acute inflammation is the movement of leukocytes into the area. Cells that arrive early, in great numbers, are - Neutrophils The acute phase systemic response usually begins within hours of the onset of inflammation and includes: - Fever and lethargy Which of the following surgical patients is most likely to experience enhanced wound healing as a result of his or her diet? - A patient who eats a high calorie diet and large amounts of red meat Which of the following patients is most likely to experience poor wound healing? - A patient with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and a history of poor blood flow to their legs Which of the following manifestations are characteristic of candidiasis? - Thick, cheesy discharge The most commonly reportable sexually transmitted disease in the US is: - Chlamydia Which of the following sexually transmitted diseases grows in neurons and can be reactivated after remaining dormant for years? - Genital herpes In males, urethral pain and a creamy, yellow bloody discharge from the penis is characteristic of the STD: - Gonorrhea Condylmata, genital warts, are caused by: - Human papilloma virus The vaginal discharge characteristic of the Trichomonas type of STD is described as: - Frothy and green Smooth muscle relaxation and shunting of blood into the sinusoids is mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system and the release of ____________ and results in a penile erection - Nitric oxide In a hydrocele, excess fluid is present in the - Tunica vaginalis or scrotal sac Testicular torsion, a serious disorder affecting young males, causes - Severe testicular pain _________ is the tightening of the foreskin of the penis so that it cannot be retracted. - Phimosis Priapism is a disorder of the penis characterized by: - Sustained painful erection Avoidance of injury This particular hemoglobinopathy is characterized by the formation of Heinz bodies, which impair DNA synthesis and damage the red cell membrane? - Beta thalassemia What factor is required in all steps of the clotting process, except the first two steps? - Calcium The first step of hemostasis occurs as: - Vessel spasm To form a platelet plug, platelets are attracted to the damaged vessel, and then platelet ________ occurs. - Adhesion Immune thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) is an _________________ disorder that destroys _________. - Autoimmune; platelets Manifestations of thrombocytopenia include all of the following except: - Petechiae (pinpoint hemorrhages) Hemopilia A is a hereditary blood disorder caused by inadequate activity or absent. - Factor VIII The circulatory system delivers __________ and nutrients needed for metabolic processes to the tissues and carries __________ from the tissues to the kidneys and other excretory organs. - Oxygen and waste Many of the conditions that cause this type of HTN can be corrected or controlled by specific medication regimens or in some cases surgery. - Primary In many cases Atherosclerosis develops without any overt symptoms. The exact etiology of the disease is unclear, with many patient experiencing signs and symptoms 10-20 years after the onset of the disease. Health professionals have shown that there are certain predisposing risk factors associated with this disease. What is the major risk factor for developing Atherosclerosis? - Hypercholesterolemia Clinical manifestations for this cardiac disorder includes, fluid accumulation in the lungs related to the inflammatory and or infectious process. - Pulmonary effusion This type of shock is illustrated by diminished blood volume causing inadequate filling of the vascular compartment. - Hypovolemic shock Platelets differ from other types of cells in that they are unable to reproduce this is due to: - Does not have a nucleus Thrombocytopenia is a blood coagulant that results in: - Lack of platelets Which of the following is not one of the 5 stages of hemostasis? - Vessel dilation This condition results from an abnormally low level of circulating RBCs and can cause weakness, dyspnea, and sometimes angina is called? - Anemia The most common inherited enzyme defect that results in hemolytic anemia is a deficiency of? - G6PD When a Rh-negative mother gives birth to an Rh- positive infant, the mother usually produces antibodies that will attack any subsequent pregnancies in which the infant is Rh-positive, erythroblastosis fetalis occurs. What is another name for this? - Hemolytic disease of the newborn Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DCI) is characterized by: - Hemorrhage Manifestations of anemia that are directly due to the diminished oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin include: - Fatigue The most important complication of atherosclerosis is ________, which may cause occlusion of small heart vessels. - Fibrous plaque Cardiac ouput is the ___________ each minute. - Blood pumped This particular hemoglobinopathy is characterized by the formation of Heinz bodies, which impair DNA synthesis and damage the red cell membrane. - Beta thalassemia The most appropriate treatment for secondary polycemia is: - Measures to improve oxygenation The hematocrit measures: - Heart rate X stroke volume This is the most dramatic complication of left sided heart failure and is characterized by increased heart and respiratory rates, cyanosis, and foamy sputum - Pulmonary edema Evaluate the following lipid levels. Which of the following would most increase a person's risk for atherosclerosis? - HDL= 35 The conducting airways perform all of the following functions EXCEPT - Gas exchange Generalized acute hypoxia in lung tissue, when alveolar oxygen levels drop below 60 mmHg, causes pulmonary - Hypertension Respiration requires ventilation, perfusion, and diffusion. Ventilation is defined as - Movement of gases between the lungs and blood via diffusion The ________________ separates the upper airways and the lungs and considered the "watchdog" of the respiratory system. - Larynx Gas exchange occurs primarily in the: - Alveoli Lung compliance is how easily the lungs can be inflated. Lung compliance is affected by the collapsing pressure exerted on the alveoli from the atmospheric air and the liquid film that covers the inside of the alveoli. This collapsing pressure is known as: - Surface tension Peripheral chemoreceptors regulate breathing by sensing a change in the amount of _________ in the blood. - Oxygen Chemoreceptors usually dont cause an increase in ventilation until the PO2 level drops below - 60 A person with chronic obstructive lung disease relies on a __________ level as a stimulus for increased ventilation. - Low O2 Most adults and children have multiple colds per year. Most colds are caused by viruses. Which of the following virus types is the most common cold virus accounting for 40% of the yearly colds? - Rhinoviruses A person diagnosed with pneumonia will always have a productive cough. - False Atelectasis is most commonly caused by - Obstruction from a mucus plug Which of the following are at greater risk to become infected with tuberculosis? - Those with HIV The most common bacteria to cause pneumonia is - Streptococcus pneumoniae The respiratory system is divided both functionally and anatomically. The respiratory zone of the functional division consists of all of the following EXCEPT - Bronchioles Central chemoreceptors work to regulate breathing by sensing the change in the amount of ________ in the blood. - Carbon dioxide Acute onset of bronchial asthma causes wheezing and breathlessness as a result of: - Airway inflammation Emphysema is characterized by hyperinflation of the lungs that produces increased total lung capacity. What is another way to describe someone with emphysema? - Pink puffers The common results of respiratory failure are hypoxemia and - Hypercapnia A distinguished feature of viral infection is - Abrupt-onset of profound malaise/fatigue Nancy is caring for Mr. Hubbard, a patient with COPD. In reviewing his arterial blood gas results, she notices he has a PCO2 of 52 and a PO2 of 55. The patient has been no change in mental status. She realizes with these findings, she should: - Leave his oxygen at 1 liter A person who has damaged his alveoli due to smoke inhalation has also destroyed some of his surfactant. This would cause a(n) ____________ in surface tension and a(n) _________ in his lung compliance. - Increase; decrease ___________ is the major site for digestion and absorption. - Large intestine A hallmark of irritable bowel syndrome is abdominal pain - Relieved by defecation These phagocytic cells work to remove bacteria and old blood cells from the liver. - Kupffer Cells This type of viral hepatitis is transmitted through the fecal-oral route. - Hepatitis A This type of viral hepatitis is the most common cause of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. - Hepatitis C This type of hepatitis is transmitted through infected serum or blood and is caused by a double-stranded DNA virus - Hepatitis B M.O. has Acute Symptomatic Viral Hepatitis. He complains of right upper quadrant pain, decreased appetite, and nausea with vomiting for the last two weeks. His temperature is 100.3 orally. You know that M.C. is in the __________ phase of viral hepatitis. - Prodromal Cirrhosis causes fibrous tissue to build up in the liver causing obstruction to liver blood and bile flow. This can lead to increased pressure in the peritoneal capillaries causing: - Portal vein hypertension True or false: Primary liver tumors are much more common than tumors that metastasize from other organs to the liver. - False Your patient states that he began to have right upper quadrant pain with vomiting after eating fried chicken at lunch. He tells you that he often has these symptoms after eating greasy, fatty food. An ultrasound confirms your suspicions that your patient has: - Cholecystitis Elevated serum amylase and lipase levels are characteristic of what disorder? - Pancreatitis Abnormally high accumulation of bilirubin in the blood causes - Jaundice Insulin release is mainly stimulated by: - Glucose Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) more commonly occurs in type 1 diabetes, when the lack of insulin leads to the mobilization of __________ that causes excess ketone production by the liver. - Fatty acids The body tries to compensate for diabetic ketoacidosis by: - Hyperventilation to blow off acetone (ketones) with Kussmaul's respirations Peripheral neuropathy causes: - Loss of sensation of extremities Diabetic retinopathy, the leading cause of acquired blindness in the United States, is characterized by the retinal __________. - Hemorrhages Hormones are chemical messengers that: - Regulate body functions All of the following are manifestations of hyperthyroidism EXCEPT: - Bradycardia When patients have an excess of growth hormone after the long bones have fused, resulting in hunchbacks and barrel chest, it is referred to as: - Acromegaly A 20 year old female present to the ER with a heart rate of 126, a fruity smell on her breath, and complains of polyuria and polydipsia for one week. You know from this assessment that she is a ___________ diabetic. - Type 1 Which of the following is true regarding Type 2 diabetes? - Obesity and inactivity increase risk Mr. H, a 54 year old male, is in the office today with complaints of blurred vision for the last two days. His random blood glucose is 215. Appropriate education for Mr. H would be which of the following? - He has new onset Type 2 diabetes The metabolic abnormality that leads to type 2 diabetes includes: - Chronic overeating A person with diabetes mellitus suddenly develops sweating, tremors, headache, and confusion. What is the MOST likely cause of these symptoms? - Hypoglycemia All of the following statements regarding type 1 diabetes are true EXCEPT - There is insulin resistance True What is the clinical syndrome that occurs with increased levels of thyroid hormone? - Thyrotoxicosis True or fasle: A thyroid storm is a life threatening form of thyrotoxicosis that commonly has extreme cardiovascular effects. - True Which of the following adrenal cortical hromones are responsible for development of secondary sex characteristics mainly in men? - Androgens What system would you be most concerned about if your client had suffered a hemorrhage in the brain stem area? - Respiratory What is the most common type of CVA? - Ischemic Transient ischemic attacks (TIA) are characterized by ischemic cerebral neurologic deficits that - Resolve within 24 hours of onset Myasthenia gravis, an autoimmune disease, is characterized by muscle weakness caused by antibody destruction of: - Acetycholine receptors Inside the skull and vertebra columns, the brain and spinal cord are loosely suspended and protected by several connective tissue sheaths called: - Meninges The meningeal layer lying next to the brain is the: - Pia mater Myelin is a white, lipid layer that surrounds axons and helps to: - Increase the speed of conduction of nerve impulses Although the cause of Parkinson's Disease is unknown, the pathophysiology includes: - Dopamine depletion in the basal ganglia A disease characterized by the loss of myelin sheath around the nerve fibers is - Multiple sclerosis Damage to the upper motor neurons will cause weakness and loss of voluntary motion including all of the following manifestation except: - Flaccidity Which of the following polyneuropathies is immune-mediated and characterized by progressive limb weakness leading to flaccid paralysis, cardiac arrhythmias and depression of respiratory muscles so severe that ventilator support is required? - Guillian-barre syndrome Classic symptoms of meningitis include: - Headache and stiff neck In bacterial meningitis, the cerebrospinal fluid is purulent and has large amounts of: - Neutrophils K.P. is a 25 year old female with complaints of unilateral, pulsating headache associated with photophobia. You know that she is probably suffering from a ________________ headache. - Migraine Mr. H complains of pain around his left periorbital area accompanied by nasal stiffness. His headache would be classified as a __________ headache. - Cluster G.G is a 40 year old male who complains to you that has had multiple incidences over the last month that include tingling to his right side and the feeling of something "crawling on his right side". He states that he does not lose consciousness. It is possible that he is suffering from which type of seizure? - Simple focal _______ seizures only occur in children and can be characterized by a brief period of unresponsiveness or a blank stare. - Absence The initial, hallmark symptom of Alzheimer's Disease is: - Short-term memory loss The pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease included all of the following changes in the brain EXCEPT: - Brain hypertrophy There is a decrease in which of the following neurotransmitters in patients with Alzheimer's Disease? - Dopamine Although an average of _________ glomerular filtrate is formed each minute, only _________ is excreted as urine, and the rest is reabsorbed in the tubules. - 125 mL; 1 mL The kidney assists in blood pressure regulation by releasing _______ in response to decreased blood flow, resulting in efferent arteriole vasoconstriction and eventual increased blood pressure. - Angiotensin II In patients with renal failure, their activation of Vitamin D __________. This causes a _________ in their calcium. - Decrease; decrease What statement would be most appropriate for educating a patient with chronic renal failure about his/her diet? - Low protein, low sodium, low potassium A patient has a kidney stone obstruction in his left ureter. The physician has noted an increase in his BUN and creatinine levels this morning. He has documented that this patient now has acute kidney injury from this obstruction. - Postrenal What percentage of the body's cardiac output is received by the kidneys? - 20-25% Which is likely the cause of elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in a patient? - Dehydration What is the most common condition associated with the formation of renal calculi? - Hyperabsorption of calcium and oxalate from the GI tract When the kidneys fail to work properly _______ waste is removed and Nitrogen compounds _________ in the blood. - Less; increase What are the functional units of the kidney? - Nephrons Where does blood filtration occur in the kidneys? - Glomerulus What condition causes filtrate filled cysts to accumulate in the kidneys and cause damage? - Polycystic kidney disease The portion of the neuron that is responsible for bringing stimuli to the cell is: - Dendrite The portion of the neuron that carries stimuli away from the brain is referred to as: - Axon True or false: Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an immune-mediated disorder. - True True or false: Someone may only be diagnosed as having had a concussion if they had a loss of consciousness. - False Which of the following neurological disorders causes sclerosis and death of neurons resulting in progressive weakness and loss of function in all muscles including those of respiration? - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Formerly known as grand mal seizures, this type of seizure involves a loss of consciousness and loss of bladder/bowel control. - Tonic-clonic The forebrain contains the _________ which is responsible for hormone secretion and homeostatic control (balance). - Hypothalamus One of the most common neuralgias, _____ affects the maxillary and mandibular regions and is characterized by facial tics. - Trigeminal neuralgia The _______ is responsible for fine motor coordination and is located in the hindbrain. - Cerebellum Which of the following supporting cells in the brain act as macrophages and clear cellular debris? - Microglia A decrease in muscle tension at rest so that it may take on a "floppy" appearance - Hypotonia This means complete loss of movement - Paralysis Continued repetitive movement after stimulation of a reflex - Clonus