Patho_Test_2_DB: Questions and Answers Latest Update, Exams of Nursing

Download Patho_Test_2_DB: Questions and Answers Latest Update and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! Patho_Test_2_DB:Questions And Answers Latest Update.Guaranteed Success/ Top Ranked Solution  Question 1 0.125 out of 0.125 points Which vessel normally demonstrates the most rapid blood flow? Selected Answer: c. The vena cava Correct Answer: c. The vena cava Response Feedback: The vena cava has the most rapid rate of flow. Arterioles don’t offer the most rapid blood flow. Capillaries are composed of a single thickness of endothelial cells attached to a protein network called the basement membrane and don’t offer the most rapid blood flow. A venule begins where the arteriole ends and doesn’t offer the most rapid blood flow.  Question 2 0.125 out of 0.125 points Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of Selected Answer: b. intrinsic factor. Correct Answer: b. intrinsic factor. Response Feedback: The fundamental defect causing pernicious anemia is the lack of intrinsic factor. Without it, vitamin B12 cannot be absorbed. Iron deficiency does not lead to pernicious anemia. Rather, it is the most common cause of anemia and is the result of unavailability of iron for hemoglobin synthesis. Pernicious anemia and folate deficiency are similar in etiology. Both are caused by a disruption in DNA synthesis of blast cells in bone marrow. Erythropoietin is necessary for the production of red cells. Lawson, Alexandra L 1  Question 3 0.125 out of 0.125 points Two of the most serious oncology emergencies associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma are obstruction of the superior vena cava and compression of the spinal cord. Lawson, Alexandra L 2 Risk factors for atherosclerosis include Selected Answer: d. hyperlipidemia. Correct Answer: d. hyperlipidemia. Response Feedback: Hyperlipidemia is a modifiable risk factor associated with atherosclerosis. Men have a higher incidence of atherosclerosis earlier in life than women. A high-protein diet is not associated with atherosclerosis. Dietary fats do play a role as a modifiable risk factor. A low-fiber diet is not a risk factor for atherosclerosis.  Question 7 0.125 out of 0.125 points Patients with immunodeficiency disorders are usually first identified because they Selected Answer: c. develop recurrent infections. Correct Answer: c. develop recurrent infections. Response Feedback: The first clinical indicators of immunodeficiency disorders are the signs and symptoms of infection, and the disorders are often first suspected when an individual has severe recurrent, unusual, or unmanageable infections. High fevers can occur in patients who have an intact immune system. Because of the immune deficiency, patients with immunodeficiency disorders may not demonstrate expected WBC counts with infection. Infections in patients with immunodeficiency disorders can occur anywhere in the body.  Question 8 0.125 out of 0.125 points The conversion of plasminogen to plasmin results in Selected Answer: c. fibrinolysis. Correct Answer: c. fibrinolysis. Response Feedback: Fibrinolysis is the process of clot dissolution and occurs when plasminogen activators cleave plasminogen to plasmin. Clot Lawson, Alexandra L 5 retra ction occu rs when the com pone nts of the fibri n clot are com press ed or contr acted to form a clot. Fact ors relea sed from Lawson, Alexandra L 6 platelets contribute to hemostasis by enhancing vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, and vessel repair. Platelet aggregation is not the result of plasmin conversion. Thrombin cleaves fibrinogen to form a fibrin clot.  Question 9 0 out of 0.125 points Activation of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by Selected Answer: a. platelet factors. Correct Answer: b. tissue thromboplastin. Response Feedback: The extrinsic pathway of coagulation begins when the vascular wall is traumatized. Tissue factor from injured tissue activates factors which in turn activate and convert into thrombin for clotting. Platelets play a major role in primary hemostasis as well as secondary hemostasis and clot retraction. Platelets accelerate the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. Platelets adhere to collagen exposed by trauma and initiate degranulation. Factor VII is involved in the extrinsic pathway of coagulation when it is activated by tissue factor following a traumatic injury.  Question 10 0.125 out of 0.125 points A commonly ingested substance associated with prolongation of the bleeding time is Selected Answer: c. aspirin. Correct Answer: c. aspirin. Response Feedback: Many drugs are associated with prolonged bleeding times. Aspirin is known to alter normal platelet function. Acetaminophen is not associated with prolongation of bleeding time. Tobacco does not interfere with bleeding times. Caffeine does not interfere with bleeding times.  Question 11 Lawson, Alexandra L 7 Correct Answer: Ga. bilirubin. LE 10 Lawson, Alexandra L Response Feedback: Any condition causing increased red cell destruction increases the total load of bilirubin to be cleared, which leads to increased serum bilirubin levels and possible jaundice. Red cell destruction does not lead to changes in the hemoglobin level. Methemoglobin is formed when iron of the hemoglobin molecule is oxidized to the ferric state. Erythropoietin is secreted in response to hypoxia.  Question 14 0.125 out of 0.125 points Velocity of blood flow is measured in Selected Answer: d. centimeters per second. Correct Answer: d. centimeters per second. Response Feedback: Velocity of blood flow is measured in centimeters per second. Millimeters per minute is the not the measurement of the velocity of blood flow. Yards per hour is not a measurement of velocity. The velocity of blood flow is not measured in kilometers per minute.  Question 15 0.125 out of 0.125 points RhoGAM (an Rh antibody) would be appropriate in an Rh- woman with an Rh- antibody titer carrying an Rh- fetus. Selected Answer: d. negative; negative; positive Correct Answer: d. negative; negative; positive Response Feedback: If a woman is Rh-negative, RhoGAM is administered for prevention of Rh-positive antibodies. Erythroblastosis fetalis develops during pregnancy when an Rh-negative mother is sensitized to her fetus’s Rh-positive red cell group antigens because of exposure during her current or a previous pregnancy. RhoGAM contains antibodies against Rh antigens on fetal blood cells and is given to the mother to destroy fetal cells that may be present in her circulation before her immune system becomes activated and begins to produce anti-Rh antibodies. RhoGAM is not effective if the mother already has a positive antibody titer for fetal Rh antigens. An Rh-positive woman Lawson, Alexandra L 11 with negative Rh antibody titer carrying Rh- negative fetus does not require RhoGAM because the mother is Rh- positive and the fetus is Lawson, Alexandra L 12 Correct Answer: b. False Response Feedback: Seasonal allergic rhinitis is most involved in type I hypersensitivity reactions.  Question 19 0.125 out of 0.125 points Hemophilia B is also known as Christmas disease. Selected Answer: a. True Correct Answer: a. True Response Feedback: Hemophilia B is also known as Christmas disease.  Question 20 0.125 out of 0.125 points A patient presents to the physician’s office with pinpoint hemorrhages on the skin. The patient is most likely between the ages of years. Selected Answer: c. 4 and 7 Correct Answer: c. 4 and 7 Response Feedback: Allergic purpura is most often seen in children between the ages of 4 and 7 years. Allergic purpura is not often seen in infants, teenagers, or adults.  Question 21 0.125 out of 0.125 points A deficiency of von Willebrand factor impairs Selected Answer: a. platelet adhesion to injured tissue. Correct Answer: a. platelet adhesion to injured tissue. Lawson, Alexandra L 15 Response Feedback: Absence of platelet adhesion at the site of vascular injury and deficient factor VIII activity in the intrinsic coagulation pathway Lawson, Alexandra L 16 contribute to the bleeding seen in von Willebrand disease. The coagulation cascade is not activated by a deficiency of von Willebrand factor. Platelet aggregation is not related to a deficiency of the von Willebrand factor. von Willebrand factor is necessary for normal adherence of platelets for damaged vascular endothelium.  Question 22 0.125 out of 0.125 points Transfusion reactions involve RBC destruction caused by Selected Answer: d. recipient antibodies. Correct Answer: d. recipient antibodies. Response Feedback: The recipient of the blood transfusion has antibodies to the donor’s red blood cell (RBC) antigens; the antibodies destroy large numbers of RBC. Donor antigens, donor T, and recipient T cells do not cause transfusion reactions.  Question 23 0.125 out of 0.125 points The activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is a measure of the integrity of Selected Answer: b. the intrinsic pathway. Correct Answer: b. the intrinsic pathway. Response Feedback: The intrinsic pathway is assessed through the aPTT. The extrinsic pathway is assessed through measurements of the PT and INR. An abnormal factor VIII function results in hemophilia A. The deficiency is verified by factor assay. The aPTT is not utilized to assess the integrity of plasminogen.  Question 24 0.125 out of 0.125 points A 5-year-old patient’s parents report loss of appetite and fatigue in their child. The Lawson, Alexandra L 17 Velocity is the measure of distance traveled in a given interval. Hemodyna mics is the principle that governs the quantity of blood passing by a given point at a certain period. Lawson, Alexandra L 20  Question 27 0.125 out of 0.125 points Patients who experience anemic episodes when exposed to certain drugs most likely have Selected Answer: d. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Correct Answer: d. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Response Feedback: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is a RBC intracellular defect. Usually this anemia is first recognized during or after an infectious illness or exposure to certain drugs. Thalassemia does not carry a manifestation associated with pharmacologic agents. Spherocytosis is a hereditary anemia with manifestations of jaundice. Episodes of sickle cell anemia are associated with recurrent painful episodes related to organ dysfunction.  Question 28 0.125 out of 0.125 points An important mediator of a type I hypersensitivity reaction is Selected Answer: d. histamine. Correct Answer: d. histamine. Response Feedback: Histamine mediates type I hypersensitivity reactions. Complement mediates type II hypersensitivity reactions. Antigen–antibody immune complexes mediate type III hypersensitivity reactions. T cells mediate type IV hypersensitivity reactions.  Question 29 0 out of 0.125 points The relationship of blood flow (Q), resistance (R), and pressure (P) in a vessel can be expressed by which equation? Selected Answer: c. R = PQ Lawson, Alexandra L 21 Correct Answer: b. Q = P/R Lawson, Alexandra L 22 chemotherapy, but is not a life-threatening complication.  Question 32 0.125 out of 0.125 points A child with a history of recent strep throat infection develops glomerulonephritis. This is most likely a type hypersensitivity reaction. Selected Answer: c. III Correct Answer: c. III Response Feedback: Immune complex glomerulonephritis (an inflammatory renal disorder) is an example of a type III hypersensitivity reaction. The circulating immune complex is then deposited in the glomerular capillary wall and mesangium. Glomerulonephritis secondary to strep throat is not a type I, II, or IV sensitivity reaction.  Question 33 0.125 out of 0.125 points Widespread activation of the clotting cascade secondary to massive trauma is called Selected Answer: d. disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Correct Answer: d. disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Response Feedback: Widespread clotting in small vessels leads to consumption of the clotting factors and platelets, which in turn leads to bleeding. DIC is either acute or chronic and occurs secondary to malignancy, sepsis, snake bites, trauma, shock, burns, and many other factors. Hemophilia B results from factor deficiency or the abnormal function of factor IX. Massive trauma is unrelated to the development of Hageman disease. Immune thrombocytopenia, formerly called idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura, is an acquired immune- mediated disorder.  Question 34 0.125 out of 0.125 points Lawson, Alexandra L 25 The movement of blood through the vascular system is opposed by the force of Lawson, Alexandra L 26 Selected Answer: d. resistance. Correct Answer: d. resistance. Response Feedback: The movement of blood through the vascular system is opposed by the force of resistance. Three determinants of resistance are vessel length, vessel radius, and blood viscosity. Viscosity is the thickness of fluid and has an effect on resistance. The length of the vessel does have an effect on the resistance. Vessel radius has an effect on resistance.  Question 35 0.125 out of 0.125 points Tissues are able to autoregulate their rate of blood flow by controlling Selected Answer: a. vascular resistance. Correct Answer: a. vascular resistance. Response Feedback: Systemic vascular resistance is used to determine the resistance of vessels, diseases, or drug therapies that affect vessels. Any condition that increases vascular resistance requires more work for the heart to overcome the resistance and eject blood volume. Blood moves from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure. The arterial and arteriolar walls with their muscular media coats provide the high- pressure end of the gradient. Seeking a lower pressure, blood moves toward the venous system. The thinner, more pliable walls of the venous bed furnish the low-pressure portion of the pressure gradient.  Question 36 0.125 out of 0.125 points Which disorder is associated with a type III hypersensitivity mechanism of injury? Selected Answer: b. Systemic lupus erythematosus Correct Answer: b. Systemic lupus erythematosus Response Feedback: Systemic lupus erythematosus is a type III hypersensitivity disorder. Type III hypersensitivity is characterized by antigen–antibody Lawson, Alexandra L 27 0.125 out of 0.125 points LE Lawson, Alexandra L 30 When systemic vascular resistance is decreased, blood flow Selected Answer: a. decreases. Correct Answer: a. decreases. Response Feedback: When SVR is pathologically decreased, the blood is spread over a larger area and blood flow slows dramatically. Individual organs, such as the kidney and brain, may not obtain sufficient blood flow to meet metabolic needs. Blood flow decreases in response to decreases in vascular resistance. When SVR is pathologically decreased, the blood is spread over a larger area and blood flow slows dramatically. Individual organs, such as the kidney and brain, may not obtain sufficient blood flow to meet metabolic needs. Blood flow is not diverted to the extremities when systemic vascular resistance is decreased. However, the vital organs may not have sufficient blood flow to maintain metabolic needs.  Question 40 0.125 out of 0.125 points Disseminated intravascular coagulation may be treated with heparin therapy to Selected Answer: d. inhibit clotting factor consumption. Correct Answer: d. inhibit clotting factor consumption. Response Feedback: Although controversial, heparin may be used to minimize further consumption of clotting factors. Fibrinolysis is not enhanced by the use of heparin. The use of heparin does not activate platelets. Heparin is not known to enhance liver synthesis of clotting factors.  Question 1 0.125 out of 0.125 points The only known curative treatment for CML is allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from a suitable donor. Selected Answer: a. True Lawson, Alexandra L 31 Correct Answer: a, True LE Lawson, Alexandra L 32 Correct Answer: d. III Response Feedback: Immune complex glomerulonephritis (an inflammatory renal disorder) is an example of a type III hypersensitivity reaction. The circulating immune complex is then deposited in the glomerular capillary wall and mesangium. Glomerulonephritis secondary to strep throat is not a type I, II, or IV sensitivity reaction.  Question 5 0.125 out of 0.125 points The primary source of erythropoietin is provided by the Selected Answer: d. kidney. Correct Answer: d. kidney. Response Feedback: Erythropoietin is a hormone that is secreted into the bloodstream by the kidney. Bone marrow is not responsible for the production of erythropoietin. Hypoxia from low hemoglobin levels causes a decrease in tissue oxygen tension in the kidney, thereby releasing the hormone erythropoietin. The liver is not associated with erythropoietin production.  Question 6 0.125 out of 0.125 points Dysfunction of which organ would lead to clotting factor deficiency? Selected Answer: d. Liver Correct Answer: d. Liver Response Feedback: The liver is responsible for the synthesis of coagulation factors. A clotting factor deficiency is the result of liver dysfunction. Coagulation does not occur in the kidneys. About 25% of the total number of platelets can be found in the spleen. The pancreas is not a location where coagulation occurs.  Question 7 Lawson, Alexandra L 35 0 out of 0.125 points LE Lawson, Alexandra L 36 When systemic vascular resistance is decreased, blood flow Selected Answer: d. increases. Correct Answer: c. decreases. Response Feedback: When SVR is pathologically decreased, the blood is spread over a larger area and blood flow slows dramatically. Individual organs, such as the kidney and brain, may not obtain sufficient blood flow to meet metabolic needs. Blood flow decreases in response to decreases in vascular resistance. When SVR is pathologically decreased, the blood is spread over a larger area and blood flow slows dramatically. Individual organs, such as the kidney and brain, may not obtain sufficient blood flow to meet metabolic needs. Blood flow is not diverted to the extremities when systemic vascular resistance is decreased. However, the vital organs may not have sufficient blood flow to maintain metabolic needs.  Question 8 0.125 out of 0.125 points The conversion of plasminogen to plasmin results in Selected Answer: d. fibrinolysis. Correct Answer: d. fibrinolysis. Response Feedback: Fibrinolysis is the process of clot dissolution and occurs when plasminogen activators cleave plasminogen to plasmin. Clot retraction occurs when the components of the fibrin clot are compressed or contracted to form a clot. Factors released from platelets contribute to hemostasis by enhancing vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, and vessel repair. Platelet aggregation is not the result of plasmin conversion. Thrombin cleaves fibrinogen to form a fibrin clot.  Question 9 0 out of 0.125 points Disseminated intravascular coagulation may be treated with heparin therapy to Lawson, Alexandra L 37 Dramatic hypotension sometimes accompanies type I hypersensitivity reactions, because Selected c. massive histamine release from mast cells leads to Lawson, Alexandra L 40 Answer: vasodilation. Correct Answer: c. massive histamine release from mast cells leads to vasodilation. Response Feedback: Hypotension can occur in type I hypersensitivity resulting from massive histamine release leading to vasodilation. Toxins are not released during type I hypersensitivity reactions. Sweating occurs as a reaction to shock from severe hypotension; the hypotension occurs first and is because of histamine release. Hypoxia occurs in anaphylaxis as a result of shock from severe hypotension; the hypotension occurs first and is because of histamine release.  Question 13 0.125 out of 0.125 points The Philadelphia chromosome is a balanced chromosome translocation that forms a new gene called Selected Answer: a. bcr- abl. Correct Answer: a. bcr- abl. Response Feedback: bcr-abl is the translocation of chromosomes 9 and 22, which are known as the Philadelphia chromosome. Rb is a retinoblastoma protein, which is not associated with the Philadelphia chromosome. p53 is a tumor suppressor not associated with the Philadelphia chromosome. ARA-c is a chemotherapeutic agent used to treat leukemia.  Question 14 0.125 out of 0.125 points The arterial oxygen content (CaO2) for a patient with PaO2 100 mm Hg, SaO2 95%, and hemoglobin 15 g/dL is mL oxygen/dL. Selected Answer: c. 19.4 Lawson, Alexandra L 41 Correct Answer: S. 19.4 LE Lawson, Alexandra L 42  Question 17 0.125 out of 0.125 points Which disorder is associated with a type III hypersensitivity mechanism of injury? Selected Answer: c. Systemic lupus erythematosus Correct Answer: c. Systemic lupus erythematosus Response Feedback: Systemic lupus erythematosus is a type III hypersensitivity disorder. Type III hypersensitivity is characterized by antigen–antibody complex deposition into tissues, with consequent activation of complement and a subsequent self-sustaining inflammatory reaction. Graves disease and erythroblastosis fetalis are type II hypersensitivity reactions. Seasonal allergic rhinitis is a type I hypersensitivity reaction.  Question 18 0.125 out of 0.125 points A deficiency of von Willebrand factor impairs Selected Answer: b. platelet adhesion to injured tissue. Correct Answer: b. platelet adhesion to injured tissue. Response Feedback: Absence of platelet adhesion at the site of vascular injury and deficient factor VIII activity in the intrinsic coagulation pathway contribute to the bleeding seen in von Willebrand disease. The coagulation cascade is not activated by a deficiency of von Willebrand factor. Platelet aggregation is not related to a deficiency of the von Willebrand factor. von Willebrand factor is necessary for normal adherence of platelets for damaged vascular endothelium.  Question 19 0.125 out of 0.125 points The cause of the most common form of anemia is Lawson, Alexandra L 45 Selected Answer: b. iron deficiency. Correct Answer: b. iron deficiency. Lawson, Alexandra L 46 Response Feedback: Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world and the most common cause of anemia. Acute blood loss anemia is the result of trauma or disease processes and is highly treatable. Plasma proteins formed in the liver are an essential factor in regulating blood volume. It is important to determine the underlying cause of the anemia so that treatment and control are effective.  Question 20 0.125 out of 0.125 points The principle Ig mediator of type I hypersensitivity reactions is Selected Answer: a. IgE. Correct Answer: a. IgE. Response Feedback: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is the principal antibody mediating type I hypersensitivity reactions. IgA is not the primary Ig mediator of type I hypersensitivity reactions. IgG is involved in type II hypersensitivity reactions. IgM is involved in type II hypersensitivity reactions.  Question 21 0.125 out of 0.125 points The megakaryocyte is a precursor to Selected Answer: d. platelets. Correct Answer: d. platelets. Response Feedback: Platelets are produced by bone marrow megakaryocytes. Production falls when the number of megakaryocytes is reduced or when the process of platelet production is ineffective. One major role in the formation of factor IX is the presence of calcium. White blood cells are not formed in response to megakaryocytes. Megakaryocytes are not a precursor to red blood cells.  Question 22 Lawson, Alexandra L 47 Correct Answer: ),. True LE Lawson, Alexandra L ” Response Feedback: The liver is responsible for the synthesis of coagulation factors, with the exception of part of factor VIII.  Question 25 0 out of 0.125 points Renal insufficiency is a common complication of which disease? Selected Answer: a. Hodgkin disease Correct Answer: c. Myeloma Response Feedback: Renal insufficiency is seen in approximately 50% of patients with plasma cell myeloma, because of hyperproteinemia, Bence Jones protein, hypercalcemia, and hyperuricemia. Chronic myeloid leukemia is manifested by splenomegaly. Chronic lymphoid leukemia is a disease that affects lymphoid tissues and bone marrow. Malignancy along lymphatic pathways is more typical of Hodgkin disease.  Question 26 0.125 out of 0.125 points Which characteristic is indicative of hemolytic anemia? Selected Answer: d. Jaundice Correct Answer: d. Jaundice Response Feedback: Jaundice is a classic clinical manifestation of hemolytic anemia. The total iron-binding capacity in hemolytic anemia is not increased. Hemolytic anemia is not generally associated with an increased heart rate unless there is aplastic crisis associated with infection. Hypovolemia is not an indication of hemolytic anemia.  Question 27 0.125 out of 0.125 points A 5-year-old patient’s parents report loss of appetite and fatigue in their child. The Lawson, Alexandra L 51 parents also state that the child refuses to walk as a result of pain. The child’s most likely diagnosis is Lawson, Alexandra L 52 Red blood cells differ from other cell types in the body, because they Selected Answer: a. have no cytoplasmic organelles. Correct Answer: a. have no cytoplasmic organelles. Response Feedback: Red blood cells have no cytoplasmic organelles, nucleus, mitochondria, or ribosomes. Therefore, RBCs cannot synthesize protein or carry out oxidative reactions. Red blood cells are not capable of synthesizing protein because of their lack of organelles. Red blood cells live for 80 to 120 days in the circulation and then die and are replaced. Red blood cells do not contain glycolytic enzymes.  Question 31 0.125 out of 0.125 points While in the hospital for management of acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), a patient develops severe thrombocytopenia. The most appropriate action for this condition is Selected Answer: a. activity restriction. Correct Answer: a. activity restriction. Response Feedback: Thrombocytopenia can produce a life-threatening hemorrhage. Patients with this condition should be protected from trauma and placed on activity restriction to reduce the risk of bleeding. Anticoagulant therapy in a patient with thrombocytopenia could actually cause the patient more bleeding. Thrombocytopenia is a complication of leukemia and chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is not an appropriate treatment option for thrombocytopenia. Isolation is not effective in managing the risk of hemorrhage.  Question 32 0.125 out of 0.125 points A patient is diagnosed with a tortuous blood vessel of the right hand that bleeds spontaneously. This patient presents with Selected Answer: c. telangiectasia. Correct Answer: c. telangiectasia. Lawson, Alexandra L 55 Response A telangiectasia is a dilated or tortuous small blood vessel found in Lawson, Alexandra L 56 Feedback: the skin or mucous membranes that have a tendency to bleed spontaneously or following minor trauma. Petechiae are pinpoint hemorrhages. Purpura is a collection of petechiae. Thrombocytosis is a platelet count above 400,000/mm3.  Question 33 0.125 out of 0.125 points The hypersensitivity reaction that does not involve antibody production is type Selected Answer: d. IV. Correct Answer: d. IV. Response Feedback: Type IV hypersensitivity reactions do not involve antibody production. The principal mediators are lymphocytes, including T helper cells (Th) that mediate the reaction by releasing lymphokines (cytokines) and/or antigen-sensitized cytotoxic T cells (Tc) that can directly kill cells. The other types involve antibody production. Type I involves IgE; type II involves IgM or IgG; type III involves IgG.  Question 34 0 out of 0.125 points Blood flow throughout the periphery is regulated by Selected Answer: b. cardiac output. Correct Answer: c. the autonomic nervous system. Response Feedback: Blood flow throughout the periphery is controlled by central mechanisms that are mediated by the autonomic nervous system, the venous and thoracic pumps, and intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms. Cardiac output does not control peripheral blood flow. Velocity is the measure of distance traveled in a given interval. Hemodynamics is the principle that governs the quantity of blood passing by a given point at a certain period.  Question 35 Lawson, Alexandra L 57 A diagnosis of plasma cell myeloma is confirmed by the presence of hypercalce mia, which can contribute to the compressi on fracture. Patients with leukemia diagnoses do not exhibit bone demineral ization or elevated calcium levels. Lymphad enopathy is a Lawson, Alexandra L 60 more common manifestation of Hodgkin disease. Compression fractures can be the result of back trauma, but not in the presence of the other radiographic and laboratory results.  Question 38 0 out of 0.125 points A cause of thrombocytopenia includes Selected Answer: a. reduced erythropoietin. Correct Answer: b. chemotherapy. Response Feedback: Bone marrow suppression from chemotherapy, recent immunizations, and alcohol ingestion are common causes of platelet production. Underlying systemic diseases may be presently related to bleeding problems. Hypoxemia is not directly associated with thrombocytopenia. A reduction in erythropoietin is not associated with alterations in coagulation. Secondary polycythemia is not a cause of thrombocytopenia.  Question 39 0.125 out of 0.125 points The anemia resulting from a deficiency of either vitamin B12 (cobalamin) or folate is caused by a disruption in DNA synthesis of the blast cells in the bone marrow that produces very large abnormal bone marrow cells called megaloblasts. Selected Answer: b. True Correct Answer: b. True Response Feedback: Megaloblasts are large abnormal bone marrow cells.  Question 40 0 out of 0.125 points The effects of histamine release include Selected Answer: d. vasoconstriction. Lawson, Alexandra L 61 Correct Answer: c. increased vascular permeability. Response Feedback: Histamine release leads to increased vascular permeability, which fosters fluid movement out of capillaries and into tissues leading to the edema common in type I hypersensitivity. Histamine leads to bronchoconstriction, increased gut permeability, and vasodilation (not vasoconstriction). DB: Malignant Disorders of White Blood Cells a. How do the various types of leukemia, lymphoma, and plasma cell myelomas differ based on malignant transformation? Per our lecture we learned that leukemia generally starts in the marrow and then circulates through the blood stream. There are two types of leukemias, chronic and acute. Acute cases are the more serious and spread more aggressively. Lymphomas attacks the cells in the lymphatic system. The lymphocytes grow uncontrollably and can collect in the spleen and other organs. This disease can be put into two categories, non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin. Myeloma affects the plasma cells that help defend our bodies from infection. This weakens the bones and can be very painful. b. Why are malignant disorders of white blood cells commonly associated with bone marrow depression? This happens because there is a lack of normal white, red, and plasma cells in the body. Lawson, Alexandra L 62