Pathology Section - NBCE Part I Board Review Exam Study Guide, Exams of Pathology

Download Pathology Section - NBCE Part I Board Review Exam Study Guide and more Exams Pathology in PDF only on Docsity! PATHOLOGY SECTION - NBCE Part I Board Review Exam Study Guide (326 Terms)  Metastatic calcification - Correct answer Calcium infiltration into *normal tissue* (Hypervitaminosis D)  Dystrophic calcification - Correct answer Calcium infiltration into *abnormal tissue* (atherosclerosis, atheroma)  Caseous degeneration - Correct answer Degeneration associated with tuberculosis  Enzymatic degeneration - Correct answer Degeneration associated with the pancreas  Fatty degeneration - Correct answer This degeneration is seen in the liver (nutmeg liver)and heart (tabby cat heart). In blood vessels, it begins as a fatty dot -> fatty streak -> atheroma (fatty plaque) -> fibroatheroma (fibrous tissue, calcium)  Liquifactive degeneration - Correct answer This type of degeneration occurs in the CNS (brain melts, tertiary syphilis, leprosy) and skin (from an infection)  Wallerian degeneraation - Correct answer This type of degeneration affects peripheral nerves. Degeneration occurs from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier. It causes the "dying back" phenomenon.  Zenker's (Waxy) degeneration - Correct answer This type of degeneration is most common in skeletal muscle, and muscle is replaced with hyaline  Karyolysis - Correct answer This is nuclear rupture  Karyorrhexis - Correct answer This is nuclear swelling  Pyknosis - Correct answer This is nuclear condensation  Atrophy - Correct answer This is decrease in size. Most commonly seen in muscle  Hypertrophy - Correct answer This is increase in size (usually seen in muscle)  Hyperplasia - Correct answer This is an increase in the number of cells, as seen in a pregnant uterus or goiters  Metaplasia - Correct answer This is change from one ell type to another, such as pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium changing to stratified squamous epithelium in the lungs of a smoker  Dysplasia - Correct answer This is a change in size, shape, or function in a cell. It is precancerous, but the last stage that is reversible before it becomes cancerous  Anaplasia - Correct answer This is complete disorganization of a cell (cancer)  Type 1 collagen - Correct answer This collagen is found in bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments  Type 2 collagen - Correct answer This type of collagen is found in IVDs, particularly the nucleus pulposus  Type 3 collagen - Correct answer This type of collagen is known as "reticular collagen", and is found in the spleen and lymph nodes. It is *seen in early wound healing*  Type 4 collagen - Correct answer This type of collagen forms the basement membrane  Silicosis - Correct answer This type of pneumoconiosis involves silica fro sand, rock, or glass. Sandblasters are at risk. Causes "Rock Quarry disease"  Asbestosis - Correct answer This pneumoconiosis is caused by inhalation of asbestos,which leads to mesothelioma, a malignant tumor  Siderosis - Correct answer This pneumoconiosis is caused by iron dust  Byssinosis - Correct answer This pneumoconiosis is caused by cotton dust, forming "brown lung"  Anthracosis - Correct answer This pneumoconiosis is black lung disease fro miners. Caplan's syndrome occurs when it is combined with RA  Histomycosis/Histoplasmosis - Correct answer This pneumoconiosis is formed by an endemic fungus in the Mississippi or Ohio valleys. Referred to as "Mississippi valley fever" or "Ohio valley fever" gain, slow heart rate, loss of lateral 1/3 of the eyebrows, and slow mental faculties (memory, common sense)  Cervical cancer - Correct answer Urogenital disease in females where HPV 16 is implicated  Cryptorchidism - Correct answer Urogenital disease in males that can cause testicular cancer  Endometriosis - Correct answer Urogenital disease most commonly found in the ovary  Epispadias - Correct answer Urogenital disease where the urethra exits on the dorsal surface of the penis  Hypospadias - Correct answer Urogenital disease where the urethra opens on the ventral surface of the penis  Leiomyoma - Correct answer Urogenital disease involving a tumor of smooth muscle/fibroids in the uterus  Polycystic ovary disease (PCOD) - Correct answer Urogenital disease involving anovulation, obesity, and hirsutism (excess hair on the body/face)  Seminoma - Correct answer Cancer of the testes, most common cause of testicular cancer. Involves mesenchymal/stem cells  Hutchison's teeth  Rhagades  Saddle nose deformity  Sabre blade tibia  Interstitial keratitis - Correct answer These are the 5 signs of *congenital syphilis*:  *Hard*, singular *painless* nodule (chancre) on the perineum - Correct answer This is the sign of *primary acquired syphilis*:  Maculopapular rash and condylomata lata (flat warts on the vulva) - Correct answer These are the signs of *secondary acquired syphilis*:  True - Correct answer True or false: during the latent period, someone itch acquired syphilis may or may not have symptoms:  Tabes dorsalis, aortic aneurysm, gum as inclusion bodies in the CNS - Correct answer These are signs of *tertiary acquired syphilis*:  Adie's pupil - Correct answer This is tonic pupil dilation (mydriasis) due to injury to *CNIII Edinger Westphal nucleus*:  Miosis - Correct answer This is tonic pupil constriction due to injury to sympathetic cervical ganglia:  Chancroid - Correct answer This is a *soft, painful* thing caused by *Haemophilus ducreyi* (a gram negative coccobacillus)  Gardnerella vaginalis - Correct answer This general disease is similar to Trichomonas, except that it is bacterial:  Gonorrhea - Correct answer This is caused by a *gram negative diplococcus*, and is the *most common cause of PID/Salpingitis*.  It causes *burning urination*, *yellow/green pus*, in urine, or *arthritis/DJD in the knee*  *Coffee bean shaped* on microscopy  Lymphogranuloma venereum - Correct answer This is caused by chlamydia and causes *rectal strictures*, and can be diagnosed with the *Frei test*:  Trichimonas - Correct answer This venereal disease causes Purulent vaginal discharge that is green and frothy. It smells like foul fish.  Chlamydia - Correct answer This venereal disease causes white pus discharge  Achalasia - Correct answer This GI disorder is spasm of the lower esophageal sphincter, causing *megaesophagus of the upper esophagus*. There is *lack of motility* due to *absence of myenteric plexus*  Barrett's esophagus - Correct answer This GI disorder is metaplasia of esophageal cells into stomach cells, caused by GERD  Budd-Chiari (triad) - Correct answer This GI disorder results from occlusion of hepatic veins: there is a triad of *abdominal pain, ascites,* and *hepatomegaly*.  Budd-Chiari (acute) - Correct answer This GI disorder, when acute, causes rapid, sever, upper abdominal pain, jaundice, hepatomegaly, increased liver enzymes, and eventually, encephalopathy  Celiac disease - Correct answer This GI disorder is also known as "non- tropical sprue", and results from intolerance of gluten due to loss of villi in the intestines (loss of absorption). This causes gluten enteropathy  Cholecystitis - Correct answer This GI disorder is inflammation of the gallbladder, which is the *number 1 cause of gall stones*  Cholelithiasis - Correct answer This is the condition of having gall stones  Crohn's disease - Correct answer This GI disorder is seen in young people, and affects the small intestine (ileum), cecum, and ascending colon. *Right sided GI problem*. Involves *skip lesions* or a *cobblestone* appearance. Does *not include bloody diarrhea*, and is *autoimmune*  Regional ileitis  Distal ileitis  Regional enteritis - Correct answer What are AKA's for Crohn's disease?  Diverticula - Correct answer These are outpatchings of the intestines. Usually seen in the lower left quadrant (descending and sigmoid)  Dysphagia - Correct answer This is difficulty swallowing  Enteritis - Correct answer This is the most common cause of death in children worldwide because it causes severe dehydration from diarrhea  Hemorrhoids - Correct answer These are the most common cause of frank red blood in the stool  Hirschprung's - Correct answer This is *congenital megacolon*  Intussuseption - Correct answer This is telescoping of the intestine onto itself, which can be caused by rotavirus vaccine  Irritable bowel - Correct answer This is a spastic colon, distention, pain, diarrhea, and is usually stress related  Mallory-Weiss syndrome - Correct answer This is hematemesis (vomiting of blood) due to alcoholism. It involves lacerations of the esophagus and the proximal stomach  Meckel's diverticulum - Correct answer These are outpatchings of the distal ileum  Peutzjegher's - Correct answer This is polyposis characterized by polyps in the entire GI tract  Plummer Vinson syndrome - Correct answer This is iron deficiency anemia, cheliosis, *esophageal webbing* and glossitis  Guillian-Barre syndrome - Correct answer This nervous system disease is also known as *post-infectious polyradiculopathy*, and is most commonly seen after a recent flu or vaccination. It is a *peripheral demyelinating disease*, causing *areflexia* and *ascending paralysis*. Fatal if it reaches the diaphragm  Horner's syndrome - Correct answer This nervous system disease involves interruption of cervical sympathetics (either by trauma or Pancoast tumor).  Symptoms: ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis and enopthalmosis  Leprosy - Correct answer This CNS disease is also known as "Hansen's disease"; involves liquefactive necrosis of the brain, skin damage, and destruction of sensory nerves  Multiple sclerosis - Correct answer CNS disease involving central demyelinization and plaquing of the spinal cord/brain.  Involves *Charcot's triad* (SIN) - scanning speech, intention tremors, and nyastagmus. Characterized by exacerbation and remissions. Causes visual disturbances and effects distal muscles. Affects *corticospinal tracts*.  Corticospinal tracts - Correct answer What tracts are affected by multiple sclerosis?  Charcot's triad - Correct answer What triad is named for scanning speech, intention tremor, and nystagmus, as like what is associated with multiple sclerosis?  Myasthenia gravis - Correct answer This CNS disease is caused by formation of antibodies that block Ach receptors at the myoneural junction. Thymic enlargement occurs (thymoma).  It causes *progressive weakness and fatigue*. It first starts in ocular muscles, is worse by the end of the day. The jaw is tight and sore. Autoimmune related, mostly affecting females 20-40 yoa  Neurofibromatosis - Correct answer CNS disease, AKA "Von Reckinghausen's diseasae"- Involves Cafe au Lait spots, "Coast of California" appearance  Onion bulb tumor - Correct answer This CNS tumor is a Schwann cell tumor  Parkinson's (Paralysis agitans) - Correct answer This CNS disease is a problem with dopamine in the basal ganglia. There are inclusion bodies (Lewy bodies). Presents with masked faces, stooped posture, resting tremors, and festinating/shuffling gait and propulsive gait. Cogwheel rigidity. *Substantia nigra of mesencephalon is affected*  PLS (posterolateral sclerosis) - Correct answer This CNS disease is known as "combined systems disease". It affects Dorsal columns and the corticospinal tract, and results from either *long term pernicious anemia* (decreased intrinsic factor) or *decreased vitamin B12*  Poliomyelitis - Correct answer This CNS disease affects the anterior horn, and produces LMNL. It affects the brainstem and then cranial nerves, possibly along with the breathing apparatus  Syringomyelia - Correct answer This CNS disease involves cyst-like formation from the central canal of the spinal cord that leads to loss of pain and temperature, and signs of upper motor neuron lesions.  "Cape-like" distribution of pins and needles sensation. Caused by syrinx, a central dilation of the spinal cord, leading to *loss of pain and temperature bilaterally*  Wernicke-Korsakoff - Correct answer CNS disease involving alcoholic psychosis with dementia, resulting from depletion of thiamine (B1) due to severe alcoholism  Adenoma - Correct answer Tumor of glandular tissue  Aneurismal bone cyst - Correct answer Benign bone tumor affecting metaphyseal/diaphyseal areas. *Eccentric*; "Blister of Bone"  Benign tumors - Correct answer These are encapsulated tumors, which short zones of transition; often asymptomatic  Brown's tumor - Correct answer This is a tumor-shaped radiolucent due to loss of bone density from *hyperparathyroidism*  Burkett's lymphoma - Correct answer This tumor has a "starry sky" appearance. It appears as a jaw mass, mainly affecting Central African children. It is associated with the Epstein Barr virus  Cachexia - Correct answer This means "wasting away"  Carcinoma - Correct answer This is cancer of the epithelial tissue, usually spread by the lymph system  Carcinoma in situ - Correct answer This is cancer that has not yet invaded the basement membrane  Cervical cancer - Correct answer This is cancer of the cervix, usually involving HPV 16  Chondroblastoma - Correct answer This is a benign bone tumor, affecting epiphyseal/metaphyseal regions  Chondroma - Correct answer This is a benign tumor of cartilage  Chordoma - Correct answer This cancer is most commonly seen in the sacrum, and crosses joints  Colorectal cancer - Correct answer This type of cancer is most commonly found in the US  Cryptorchidism - Correct answer This is absence of one or both testicles caused by failure of descent. It can cause testicular cancer  Enchondroma (Oiler's disease) - Correct answer Benign hand tumor with stipples calcification. when associated with soft tissue swelling and a bone deformity, it is called Maffuci's syndrome  Maffuci's syndrome - Correct answer Enchondromatosis, soft tissue swelling, and bone deformity together cause this syndrome  Ewing's sarcoma - Correct answer Multi-laminated (onion skin appearance) tumor causing cortical saucerizaation. Affects *children, 10-25*. Forms a moth-eaten appearance in the medulla, *mimicking osteomylitis*  Fibroadenoma of the breast - Correct answer this is the most common breast tumor, associated with estrogens  Fibroma - Correct answer This tumor involves myxomatous tissue with spindles and polyhedral cells  Fibrous dysplasia - Correct answer Benign tumor with ground-glass appearance. Cafe au Lait "Coast of Maine" appearance.  With early puberty = Albright's disease  Monostotic form = rind sign or rind of sclerosis  Giant cell tumor - Correct answer Tumor of osteoclasts (Osteoclastoma). Most common in the knee. Quasi-malignant. Most common in the epiphyseal/metaphyseal regions of 20-40 year olds  Hemangioma - Correct answer Benign tumor of blood vessels, most commonly found in the spine  Simple/Unicamereal bone cyst - Correct answer SBC or UBC. Benign bone tumors affecting the *metaphysis* and *diaphysis*. Concentric. involves "Fallen Fragment sign". Affects <20 year olds. Found in *long bones*  Stomach cancer - Correct answer Cancer most commonly found in the *lesser curvature* of the stomach. Involves a "leather-bottle" shaped stomach presentation:  Teratoma - Correct answer This is a tumor involving all 3 germinal layers  Virchow's nodes - Correct answer These involve *enlarged supraclavicular lymph nodes* due to metastasis, usually from the *GI tract*, usually found on the *left side*  Wilm's tumor - Correct answer This is a nephroblastoma; mixed tumor of the *kidney* in childern  Xanthoma - Correct answer This is a *yellow* tumor of connective tissue  Anoxia - Correct answer This is absence of oxygen  Hypoxia - Correct answer This is deficiency of oxygen  Septicemia - Correct answer These are pathogens/toxins in the blood, including bacteremia  Chemotaxis - Correct answer This is movement of WBCs along the concentration gradient of tissue damage byproducts  Pavementing/margination - Correct answer This involves WBCs lining damaged vessels (adhering to the endothelium)  Diapedesis / extravasation - Correct answer This involves neutrophils and monocytes squeezing through the walls of blood vessels towards the cite of damaged tissue/infection  Clot - Correct answer This is what you get when fibrinogen converts to fibrin via thromboplastin (requiring Vitamin K and Calcium)  Thrombus - Correct answer This is platelet deposition  Embolus - Correct answer This is a foreign body found in the blood traveling  Fatty emboli - Correct answer These emboli come from the fracture of long bones  Lower extremeties - Correct answer Emboli in the lungs are most common from veins in the...:  Exudate - Correct answer This is fluid and high proteins, which are indicative of a damaged capillary wall  Transudate - Correct answer This is fluid and low proteins, which is indicative of a normal capillary wall  Stage 1 (injury/wound/insult) - Correct answer This stage of inflammation involves the damage of tissue  Stage 2 (vasoconstriction) - Correct answer This stage of inflammation is a sympathetic reaction to tissue injury. The wound does not spew blood unless an artery was damaged  Stage 3 (vasodilation) - Correct answer This stage of inflammation brings more blood to the injured site. *Histamine* and *Bradykinin * dilate the vessels  Histamine  Bradykinin - Correct answer What substances are required to dilate blood vessels in the vasodilation phase of inflammation?  Stage 4 (swelling/edema) - Correct answer This stage of inflammation involves cells moving into a *damaged* area via chemotaxis (diapedesis/extravasation)  Stage 5 (healing) - Correct answer This stage of inflammation involves *mast cells* making *heparin and serotonin*.  Serotonin - Correct answer This is produced by *mast cells* during the *healing stage* of inflammation. They are for wound healing, and stimulating myofibroblast , which form *type 3 collagen* for early wound healing  Fibrin - Correct answer This forms a scar  Bradykinin  Histamine - Correct answer These inflammatory substances cause vasodilation (increase inflammation)  Leukotrienes  Prostaglandins  Substance P - Correct answer These inflammatory substances are part of the inflammation pathway (increasing inflammation)  Enkephalins  Endorphins - Correct answer These inflammatory substances are for pain control (decreasing inflammation)  NSAIDs` - Correct answer These are non steroidal anti inflammatories. They are COX inhibitors  Steroids - Correct answer These are phospholipase A2 inhibitors (such as prednisone). They decrease inflammation  Basophil - Correct answer This immune cell becomes a *mast cell*. It makes *histamine, bradykinin, serotonin, and heparin*  B-lymphocytes - Correct answer These immune cells *transform into plasma cells* which *make antibodies*  Plasma cells - Correct answer What make *antibodies*?  Granulocytes - Correct answer These immune cells include *basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils* (BEN)  Agranulocytes - Correct answer These immune cells include *lymphocytes and monocytes*  Macrophage - Correct answer These immune cells are *monocytes& at the tissue level.  Kuppfer cells - Correct answer These are macrophage in the liver  Dust cells - Correct answer These are macrophage in the lung  Microgla - Correct answer These are macrophage in the brain  Langerhan cells - Correct answer These are macrophage of the skin  T Helper cells - Correct answer These are T lymphocytes / CD4 T cells that *activate B cells*  T Killer cells - Correct answer These are T lymphocytes / CD8 T cells that are *cytotoxic cells - destroy cancer and foreign agents*  Iron deficiency  Pernicious anemia  Folic acid  B-12 deficiency - Correct answer These can cause nutritional anemias:  Chronic blood loss - Correct answer This causes a decrease in iron, leading to microcytic, hypochromic anemia  Hemorrhage - Correct answer This can cause normochromic, normocytic anemia  Sickle cell/malaria - Correct answer This can cause anemia via hemolytic breakdown  Thalassemia major - Correct answer This can cause "Cooley's anemia" / "Homozygous Beta thalassemia" / "Mediterranean anemia" which causes a "Hair-on-end" appearance on the skull on X ray  Erythroblastosis fetalis - Correct answer This condition results when an Rh- mother and Rh+ father have an Rh+ baby. It causes *Type II cytotoxic anemia*  Pancytopenia - Correct answer This causes decreased RBCs, WBCs, and platelets in the blood  Polytcythemia - Correct answer This causes increased RBCs  Primary polycythemia - Correct answer This is known as *polycythemia rubes vera*, and is *pathological*  Secondary polycythemia - Correct answer This is *relative polycythemia*, and is a *normal response to high altitudes*  Thrombocytopenia - Correct answer this is decreased platelets in the blood  Aneurysm - Correct answer This is *localized dilation of an artery*.  Berry aneurysm - Correct answer This type of aneurysm occurs in the *Circle of Willis*, and is related to a *subarachnoid hemorrhage*  Dissecting aneurysm - Correct answer This is a longitudinal tearing away of the aorta, causing a "tearing pain"  Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) - Correct answer This aneurysm results in *sudden low back pain, hypovolumic shop and a thready pulse*. *Curvilinear calcification* may be seen on x ray, and there may be a *fusiform shape*  Atherosclerosis - Correct answer This condition involves the deposition of fatty plaque (atheroma) in the tunica intima. it is a form of arteriosclerosis, which randomly distributes lipid in the large and medium sized arteries, narrowing their lumen  Buerger's disease - Correct answer this is AKA thromboangitis obliterans, and involves the lower extremeties in males with a history of smoking. *Intermittent claudication* occurs, causing cramps with exertion  Cardiac tamponade - Correct answer This condition results from *fluid in the pericardial space*, preventing proper ventricular filling. Needs ER referral  Coarctation of the aorta - Correct answer This is narrowing of the aorta distal to the left subclavian, producing hypertension in the upper extremeties and hypotension in the lower extremeties  Monkeberg's sclerosis - Correct answer This results from *calcification of the tunica media* of *medium sized arteries* in *smokers and diabetics*  Myxoma - Correct answer This is the *most common benign cardiac tumor* and *most common cardiac tumor overall*  Prinzmetal's angina - Correct answer This results from *coronary artery spasm*:  Raynaud's - Correct answer This condition results from *vasospasm of the arteries* in the hands and feet, producing *triphasic color change* from white, blue to red. Brought on by *cold* or *emotion*.may lead to *dry gangrene*. Common in *females* with *Hx of smoking*:  Rhabdomyoma - Correct answer Tumor of striated muscle of the heart  Sickle cell anemia - Correct answer Anemia resulting in *half-moon shaped RBCs, "H" shaped vertebra, and results from *homozygous sickle cell allele*  Takayasu arteritis - Correct answer *pulseless disease* - results from *granulomatous inflammation* of the aortic arch  Temporal arteritis - Correct answer *Giant-cell arteritis* - affects temporal arteries, and is associated with *long-standing hypertension*. Can cause *blindness* if it affects the *opthalmic artery*. Increased ESR; biopsy is best for Dx  Tetrology of Fallot - Correct answer Pneumonic = DRIP:  Dextrorotation of the aorta  Right ventricular hypertrophy  Interventricular septal defect  Pulmonic stenosis  Name the condition:  Valvular lesions - Correct answer These may be due to *tooth extractions*, causing bacteremia with Strep causing *Aschoff bodies* from *rheumatic fever*. Affects *mitral valve*  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia - Correct answer This is the *most common leukemia seen in children*  Acute myeloblastic leukemia - Correct answer This leukemia can affect *any age*, and is the *most common leukemia in adults* and has the *worst prognosis*:  Chronic lymphocytic leukemia - Correct answer This leukemia is the *most common chronic leukemia in adults*  Chronic myelocytic - Correct answer This leukemia appears in *young adulthood* and results in *increased granulocytes*. Related to the *Philadelphia chromosome #22*  Achondroplasia - Correct answer This is the *most common form of genetic dwarfism*, and affects growth plates. It results in the *failure of normal epiphyseal cartilage to form* and *radiologically visible bullet vertebra* and *trident hands*  Alkaptonuria - Correct answer Condition resulting from accumulation of *homogentisic acid*, causing *blue-black deposits in cartilage, ears, nose and cheeks*. Causes *ochronosis* (calcification of IVDs). Urine turns *black*, *tyrosine* increases.  *Homogentisic acid* is an intermediate of *phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism*  Charcot Marie tooth - Correct answer This is a *hereditary, progressive muscle atrophy*; may affect tibialis anterior  Down's syndrome - Correct answer *Trisomy 21*, affecting males and females resulting in mental retardation, a flat, hypoplastic face and a