Pathology Section - NBCE Part I Board Review Exam Study Guide, Exams of Pathology

Download Pathology Section - NBCE Part I Board Review Exam Study Guide and more Exams Pathology in PDF only on Docsity! PATHOLOGY SECTION - NBCE Part I Board Review Exam Study Guide (326 Terms) Metastatic calcification - Correct answer Calcium infiltration into *normal tissue* (Hypervitaminosis D) Dystrophic calcification - Correct answer Calcium infiltration into *abnormal tissue* (atherosclerosis, atheroma) Caseous degeneration - Correct answer Degeneration associated with tuberculosis Enzymatic degeneration - Correct answer Degeneration associated with the pancreas Fatty degeneration - Correct answer This degeneration is seen in the liver (nutmeg liver)and heart (tabby cat heart). In blood vessels, it begins as a fatty dot -> fatty streak - > atheroma (fatty plaque) -> fibroatheroma (fibrous tissue, calcium) Liquifactive degeneration - Correct answer This type of degeneration occurs in the CNS (brain melts, tertiary syphilis, leprosy) and skin (from an infection) Wallerian degeneraation - Correct answer This type of degeneration affects peripheral nerves. Degeneration occurs from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier. It causes the "dying back" phenomenon. Zenker's (Waxy) degeneration - Correct answer This type of degeneration is most common in skeletal muscle, and muscle is replaced with hyaline Karyolysis - Correct answer This is nuclear rupture Karyorrhexis - Correct answer This is nuclear swelling Pyknosis - Correct answer This is nuclear condensation Atrophy - Correct answer This is decrease in size. Most commonly seen in muscle Hypertrophy - Correct answer This is increase in size (usually seen in muscle) Hyperplasia - Correct answer This is an increase in the number of cells, as seen in a pregnant uterus or goiters Metaplasia - Correct answer This is change from one ell type to another, such as pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium changing to stratified squamous epithelium in the lungs of a smoker Dysplasia - Correct answer This is a change in size, shape, or function in a cell. It is precancerous, but the last stage that is reversible before it becomes cancerous Anaplasia - Correct answer This is complete disorganization of a cell (cancer) Type 1 collagen - Correct answer This collagen is found in bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments Type 2 collagen - Correct answer This type of collagen is found in IVDs, particularly the nucleus pulposus Type 3 collagen - Correct answer This type of collagen is known as "reticular collagen", and is found in the spleen and lymph nodes. It is *seen in early wound healing* Type 4 collagen - Correct answer This type of collagen forms the basement membrane Silicosis - Correct answer This type of pneumoconiosis involves silica fro sand, rock, or glass. Sandblasters are at risk. Causes "Rock Quarry disease" Asbestosis - Correct answer This pneumoconiosis is caused by inhalation of asbestos,which leads to mesothelioma, a malignant tumor Siderosis - Correct answer This pneumoconiosis is caused by iron dust Byssinosis - Correct answer This pneumoconiosis is caused by cotton dust, forming "brown lung" Anthracosis - Correct answer This pneumoconiosis is black lung disease fro miners. Caplan's syndrome occurs when it is combined with RA Histomycosis/Histoplasmosis - Correct answer This pneumoconiosis is formed by an endemic fungus in the Mississippi or Ohio valleys. Referred to as "Mississippi valley fever" or "Ohio valley fever" Coccidiomycosis - Correct answer At his pneumoconiosis is caused by endemic fungus in the southwest. AKA "San Joaquin Valley fever" or just "Valley Fever" Blastomycosis - Correct answer This pneumoconiosis is formed by an endemic fungus on the eastern seaboard from Florida to Nova Scotia Asthma - Correct answer this lung disease produces sputum that yields "Curshmann's Spirals" or "Charcot Leyden crystals" Cystic fibrosis - Correct answer This lung disease affects chloride channels. Can cause "salty baby syndrome", because of presence of sodium in sweat. Affects Polycystic ovary disease (PCOD) - Correct answer Urogenital disease involving anovulation, obesity, and hirsutism (excess hair on the body/face) Seminoma - Correct answer Cancer of the testes, most common cause of testicular cancer. Involves mesenchymal/stem cells Hutchison's teeth Rhagades Saddle nose deformity Sabre blade tibia Interstitial keratitis - Correct answer These are the 5 signs of *congenital syphilis*: *Hard*, singular *painless* nodule (chancre) on the perineum - Correct answer This is the sign of *primary acquired syphilis*: Maculopapular rash and condylomata lata (flat warts on the vulva) - Correct answer These are the signs of *secondary acquired syphilis*: True - Correct answer True or false: during the latent period, someone itch acquired syphilis may or may not have symptoms: Tabes dorsalis, aortic aneurysm, gum as inclusion bodies in the CNS - Correct answer These are signs of *tertiary acquired syphilis*: Adie's pupil - Correct answer This is tonic pupil dilation (mydriasis) due to injury to *CNIII Edinger Westphal nucleus*: Miosis - Correct answer This is tonic pupil constriction due to injury to sympathetic cervical ganglia: Chancroid - Correct answer This is a *soft, painful* thing caused by *Haemophilus ducreyi* (a gram negative coccobacillus) Gardnerella vaginalis - Correct answer This general disease is similar to Trichomonas, except that it is bacterial: Gonorrhea - Correct answer This is caused by a *gram negative diplococcus*, and is the *most common cause of PID/Salpingitis*. It causes *burning urination*, *yellow/green pus*, in urine, or *arthritis/DJD in the knee* *Coffee bean shaped* on microscopy Lymphogranuloma venereum - Correct answer This is caused by chlamydia and causes *rectal strictures*, and can be diagnosed with the *Frei test*: Trichimonas - Correct answer This venereal disease causes Purulent vaginal discharge that is green and frothy. It smells like foul fish. Chlamydia - Correct answer This venereal disease causes white pus discharge Achalasia - Correct answer This GI disorder is spasm of the lower esophageal sphincter, causing *megaesophagus of the upper esophagus*. There is *lack of motility* due to *absence of myenteric plexus* Barrett's esophagus - Correct answer This GI disorder is metaplasia of esophageal cells into stomach cells, caused by GERD Budd-Chiari (triad) - Correct answer This GI disorder results from occlusion of hepatic veins: there is a triad of *abdominal pain, ascites,* and *hepatomegaly*. Budd-Chiari (acute) - Correct answer This GI disorder, when acute, causes rapid, sever, upper abdominal pain, jaundice, hepatomegaly, increased liver enzymes, and eventually, encephalopathy Celiac disease - Correct answer This GI disorder is also known as "non-tropical sprue", and results from intolerance of gluten due to loss of villi in the intestines (loss of absorption). This causes gluten enteropathy Cholecystitis - Correct answer This GI disorder is inflammation of the gallbladder, which is the *number 1 cause of gall stones* Cholelithiasis - Correct answer This is the condition of having gall stones Crohn's disease - Correct answer This GI disorder is seen in young people, and affects the small intestine (ileum), cecum, and ascending colon. *Right sided GI problem*. Involves *skip lesions* or a *cobblestone* appearance. Does *not include bloody diarrhea*, and is *autoimmune* Regional ileitis Distal ileitis Regional enteritis - Correct answer What are AKA's for Crohn's disease? Diverticula - Correct answer These are outpatchings of the intestines. Usually seen in the lower left quadrant (descending and sigmoid) Dysphagia - Correct answer This is difficulty swallowing Enteritis - Correct answer This is the most common cause of death in children worldwide because it causes severe dehydration from diarrhea Hemorrhoids - Correct answer These are the most common cause of frank red blood in the stool Hirschprung's - Correct answer This is *congenital megacolon* Intussuseption - Correct answer This is telescoping of the intestine onto itself, which can be caused by rotavirus vaccine Irritable bowel - Correct answer This is a spastic colon, distention, pain, diarrhea, and is usually stress related Mallory-Weiss syndrome - Correct answer This is hematemesis (vomiting of blood) due to alcoholism. It involves lacerations of the esophagus and the proximal stomach Meckel's diverticulum - Correct answer These are outpatchings of the distal ileum Peutzjegher's - Correct answer This is polyposis characterized by polyps in the entire GI tract Plummer Vinson syndrome - Correct answer This is iron deficiency anemia, cheliosis, *esophageal webbing* and glossitis Pyloric stenosis - Correct answer This results in infant projectile vomitting in a newborn Sliding hiatal hernia - Correct answer This results from an anatomically shortened esophagus Steatosis - Correct answer this is fat in the stool, resulting from a problem with the gallbladder Ulcerative colitis - Correct answer This is also known as *toxic megacolon*. It results in pathological intestinal changes, ulcers, *bloody diarrhea, affects the left side of the abdomen* (descending/sigmoid colon), and *lead pipe rigidity*. It starts at the colon and moves distaally Volvulus - Correct answer This is twisting of an organ around its long axis Zenker's diverticulum - Correct answer These are outpatchings of the pharynx Diabetes insipidus - Correct answer This metabolic disorder involves *decreased ADH* due to a *posterior pituitary problem*. It causes *dehydration* Polydipsia (increased thirst) Polyurea (increased urination) Polyphagia (increased hunger) - Correct answer What does diabetes mellitus cause (symptomatically)? Onion bulb tumor - Correct answer This CNS tumor is a Schwann cell tumor Parkinson's (Paralysis agitans) - Correct answer This CNS disease is a problem with dopamine in the basal ganglia. There are inclusion bodies (Lewy bodies). Presents with masked faces, stooped posture, resting tremors, and festinating/shuffling gait and propulsive gait. Cogwheel rigidity. *Substantia nigra of mesencephalon is affected* PLS (posterolateral sclerosis) - Correct answer This CNS disease is known as "combined systems disease". It affects Dorsal columns and the corticospinal tract, and results from either *long term pernicious anemia* (decreased intrinsic factor) or *decreased vitamin B12* Poliomyelitis - Correct answer This CNS disease affects the anterior horn, and produces LMNL. It affects the brainstem and then cranial nerves, possibly along with the breathing apparatus Syringomyelia - Correct answer This CNS disease involves cyst-like formation from the central canal of the spinal cord that leads to loss of pain and temperature, and signs of upper motor neuron lesions. "Cape-like" distribution of pins and needles sensation. Caused by syrinx, a central dilation of the spinal cord, leading to *loss of pain and temperature bilaterally* Wernicke-Korsakoff - Correct answer CNS disease involving alcoholic psychosis with dementia, resulting from depletion of thiamine (B1) due to severe alcoholism Adenoma - Correct answer Tumor of glandular tissue Aneurismal bone cyst - Correct answer Benign bone tumor affecting metaphyseal/diaphyseal areas. *Eccentric*; "Blister of Bone" Benign tumors - Correct answer These are encapsulated tumors, which short zones of transition; often asymptomatic Brown's tumor - Correct answer This is a tumor-shaped radiolucent due to loss of bone density from *hyperparathyroidism* Burkett's lymphoma - Correct answer This tumor has a "starry sky" appearance. It appears as a jaw mass, mainly affecting Central African children. It is associated with the Epstein Barr virus Cachexia - Correct answer This means "wasting away" Carcinoma - Correct answer This is cancer of the epithelial tissue, usually spread by the lymph system Carcinoma in situ - Correct answer This is cancer that has not yet invaded the basement membrane Cervical cancer - Correct answer This is cancer of the cervix, usually involving HPV 16 Chondroblastoma - Correct answer This is a benign bone tumor, affecting epiphyseal/metaphyseal regions Chondroma - Correct answer This is a benign tumor of cartilage Chordoma - Correct answer This cancer is most commonly seen in the sacrum, and crosses joints Colorectal cancer - Correct answer This type of cancer is most commonly found in the US Cryptorchidism - Correct answer This is absence of one or both testicles caused by failure of descent. It can cause testicular cancer Enchondroma (Oiler's disease) - Correct answer Benign hand tumor with stipples calcification. when associated with soft tissue swelling and a bone deformity, it is called Maffuci's syndrome Maffuci's syndrome - Correct answer Enchondromatosis, soft tissue swelling, and bone deformity together cause this syndrome Ewing's sarcoma - Correct answer Multi-laminated (onion skin appearance) tumor causing cortical saucerizaation. Affects *children, 10-25*. Forms a moth-eaten appearance in the medulla, *mimicking osteomylitis* Fibroadenoma of the breast - Correct answer this is the most common breast tumor, associated with estrogens Fibroma - Correct answer This tumor involves myxomatous tissue with spindles and polyhedral cells Fibrous dysplasia - Correct answer Benign tumor with ground-glass appearance. Cafe au Lait "Coast of Maine" appearance. With early puberty = Albright's disease Monostotic form = rind sign or rind of sclerosis Giant cell tumor - Correct answer Tumor of osteoclasts (Osteoclastoma). Most common in the knee. Quasi-malignant. Most common in the epiphyseal/metaphyseal regions of 20-40 year olds Hemangioma - Correct answer Benign tumor of blood vessels, most commonly found in the spine Hepatocellular liver cancer (Hepatoma) - Correct answer Most common primary liver cancer Hodgkin's lymphoma - Correct answer Tumor associated with Pel-Ebestein fever, Reed Sternberg cells, hepatosplenomegaly, and enlarged lymph nodes. Associated with increased IgE Krukenberg's - Correct answer Cancer of the stomach that metastasizes to the ovaries; signet ring tumor Leiomyoma - Correct answer Tumor of smooth muscles; associated with fibroids in the uterus Leukoplakia - Correct answer Cancer associated with white patches on the oral mucosa that can't be wiped off (precancerous). From tobacco Lipoma - Correct answer Fatty tumor Adenocarcinoma - Correct answer Most common lung cancer associated with *non smokers*; best prognosis Small cell (oat cell) - Correct answer Lung cancer with the worst prognosis Squamous cell - Correct answer Most common lung cancer in smokers Arsenic - Correct answer this can cause lung cancer, and is found in treated wood Malignant tumors - Correct answer These are non-encapsulated tumors with a long zone of transition. They are associated with pain at night that is deep and boring, and weight loss Metastatic tumors - Correct answer Most common form of cancer found in bones (in the axial and appendicular skeleton) Morton's neuroma - Correct answer Tumor between the heads of 3rd and 4th metatarsals Multiple myeloma (plasma cell leukemia/sarcoma) - Correct answer Most common primary bone malignancy in adults. Involves amyloid build up, and inclusion bodies known as *Russell bodies*. X rays show "punched out lesions" and raindrop skull. M-spike on immunophoresis Exudate - Correct answer This is fluid and high proteins, which are indicative of a damaged capillary wall Transudate - Correct answer This is fluid and low proteins, which is indicative of a normal capillary wall Stage 1 (injury/wound/insult) - Correct answer This stage of inflammation involves the damage of tissue Stage 2 (vasoconstriction) - Correct answer This stage of inflammation is a sympathetic reaction to tissue injury. The wound does not spew blood unless an artery was damaged Stage 3 (vasodilation) - Correct answer This stage of inflammation brings more blood to the injured site. *Histamine* and *Bradykinin * dilate the vessels Histamine Bradykinin - Correct answer What substances are required to dilate blood vessels in the vasodilation phase of inflammation? Stage 4 (swelling/edema) - Correct answer This stage of inflammation involves cells moving into a *damaged* area via chemotaxis (diapedesis/extravasation) Stage 5 (healing) - Correct answer This stage of inflammation involves *mast cells* making *heparin and serotonin*. Serotonin - Correct answer This is produced by *mast cells* during the *healing stage* of inflammation. They are for wound healing, and stimulating myofibroblast , which form *type 3 collagen* for early wound healing Fibrin - Correct answer This forms a scar Bradykinin Histamine - Correct answer These inflammatory substances cause vasodilation (increase inflammation) Leukotrienes Prostaglandins Substance P - Correct answer These inflammatory substances are part of the inflammation pathway (increasing inflammation) Enkephalins Endorphins - Correct answer These inflammatory substances are for pain control (decreasing inflammation) NSAIDs` - Correct answer These are non steroidal anti inflammatories. They are COX inhibitors Steroids - Correct answer These are phospholipase A2 inhibitors (such as prednisone). They decrease inflammation Basophil - Correct answer This immune cell becomes a *mast cell*. It makes *histamine, bradykinin, serotonin, and heparin* B-lymphocytes - Correct answer These immune cells *transform into plasma cells* which *make antibodies* Plasma cells - Correct answer What make *antibodies*? Granulocytes - Correct answer These immune cells include *basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils* (BEN) Agranulocytes - Correct answer These immune cells include *lymphocytes and monocytes* Macrophage - Correct answer These immune cells are *monocytes& at the tissue level. Kuppfer cells - Correct answer These are macrophage in the liver Dust cells - Correct answer These are macrophage in the lung Microgla - Correct answer These are macrophage in the brain Langerhan cells - Correct answer These are macrophage of the skin T Helper cells - Correct answer These are T lymphocytes / CD4 T cells that *activate B cells* T Killer cells - Correct answer These are T lymphocytes / CD8 T cells that are *cytotoxic cells - destroy cancer and foreign agents* T suppressor cells - Correct answer These are T-regulatory cells, which lower the immune system and suppress antibody production Neutrophils - Correct answer These WBCs show a 60% *increase in bacterial infection / acute inflammation* Lymphocytes - Correct answer These WBCs show a 30% *increase in viral conditions and chronic inflammation* Monocytes - Correct answer These WBCs show a 5-8% *increase in chronic conditions, and turn into phagocytes at the tissue level* Eosinophils - Correct answer These WBCs show a 2-4% *increase in parasitic infection and allergies* Basophils - Correct answer These WBCs produce *heparin and histamine* like mast cells, and increase in conditions that increase histamine release Natural killer cells Mast cells Basophils Macrophage - Correct answer Natural immunity involves these 4 cell types: Burton's agammaglobulinemia - Correct answer This blood cell disorder shows a *decrease in B-cells, IgG*, and is the *most common immunodeficiency at birth*. It is *x- linked True - Correct answer True or false: Burton's agammaglobulinemia is X linked: DeGeorge's disorder - Correct answer This blood cell disorder involves *hypoplasia of the thymus*, causing *primary T cell deficiency at birth* Burkett's lymphoma - Correct answer This blood cell disorder involves a *starry sky* appearance, and involves young children in Central Africa. *Jaw swelling* occurs, Hodgkin's disorder - Correct answer This blood cell disorder involves *Pel Epstein fever*. Biopsy reveals *Reed Sternberg cells, enlarged lymph nodes, and hepatosplenomegaly*. Multiple myeloma - Correct answer This blood cell disorder is *leukemia of the bone marrow* affecting *plasma cells*. It is an example of *non-Hodgkin's lymphoma* and affects people 50+ yoa Severe combined immune deficiency - Correct answer This blood cell disorder affects newborns without proper B or T cells. The problem is with the bone marrow. In adults, the most common cause is from aplastic anemia; possibly caused by benzene poisoning Hemophilia A - Correct answer This hemophilia is a result of a *factor 8 deficiency* (Von Wilibrand Disease), leading to *decreased platelet adhesion*: Decreased platelet adhesion - Correct answer What occurs in Hemophilia A (Von Wilibrand disease / factor 8)? Myxoma - Correct answer This is the *most common benign cardiac tumor* and *most common cardiac tumor overall* Prinzmetal's angina - Correct answer This results from *coronary artery spasm*: Raynaud's - Correct answer This condition results from *vasospasm of the arteries* in the hands and feet, producing *triphasic color change* from white, blue to red. Brought on by *cold* or *emotion*.may lead to *dry gangrene*. Common in *females* with *Hx of smoking*: Rhabdomyoma - Correct answer Tumor of striated muscle of the heart Sickle cell anemia - Correct answer Anemia resulting in *half-moon shaped RBCs, "H" shaped vertebra, and results from *homozygous sickle cell allele* Takayasu arteritis - Correct answer *pulseless disease* - results from *granulomatous inflammation* of the aortic arch Temporal arteritis - Correct answer *Giant-cell arteritis* - affects temporal arteries, and is associated with *long-standing hypertension*. Can cause *blindness* if it affects the *opthalmic artery*. Increased ESR; biopsy is best for Dx Tetrology of Fallot - Correct answer Pneumonic = DRIP: Dextrorotation of the aorta Right ventricular hypertrophy Interventricular septal defect Pulmonic stenosis Name the condition: Valvular lesions - Correct answer These may be due to *tooth extractions*, causing bacteremia with Strep causing *Aschoff bodies* from *rheumatic fever*. Affects *mitral valve* Acute lymphoblastic leukemia - Correct answer This is the *most common leukemia seen in children* Acute myeloblastic leukemia - Correct answer This leukemia can affect *any age*, and is the *most common leukemia in adults* and has the *worst prognosis*: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia - Correct answer This leukemia is the *most common chronic leukemia in adults* Chronic myelocytic - Correct answer This leukemia appears in *young adulthood* and results in *increased granulocytes*. Related to the *Philadelphia chromosome #22* Achondroplasia - Correct answer This is the *most common form of genetic dwarfism*, and affects growth plates. It results in the *failure of normal epiphyseal cartilage to form* and *radiologically visible bullet vertebra* and *trident hands* Alkaptonuria - Correct answer Condition resulting from accumulation of *homogentisic acid*, causing *blue-black deposits in cartilage, ears, nose and cheeks*. Causes *ochronosis* (calcification of IVDs). Urine turns *black*, *tyrosine* increases. *Homogentisic acid* is an intermediate of *phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism* Charcot Marie tooth - Correct answer This is a *hereditary, progressive muscle atrophy*; may affect tibialis anterior Down's syndrome - Correct answer *Trisomy 21*, affecting males and females resulting in mental retardation, a flat, hypoplastic face and a *transverse palmar crease (Simian crease)*. Results from *transposition of chromosome 14* Edward's syndrome - Correct answer This results from *trisomy 18* and results in mental retardation Huntington's chorea - Correct answer This has a hereditary passage and onset around 30-50. Affects the *basal ganglion* and *atrophy of the caudate nucleus*. On *chromosome 44*. Decreases *GABA* and produces *dementia and death* Marfan's syndrome - Correct answer Syndrome causing *arachnodactyly* (spider-like fingers), subluxation or dislocation of the *lens of the eye*, and *dissection aortic aneurysms*. Tall stature Osteogenesis imperfecta - Correct answer Defect in *type I collagen* causing *blue sclera* and *brittle bones* Phenylketonuria (PKU) - Correct answer Condition resulting from *inability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine* due to *phenylalanine hydroxylase*. Retardation can be controlled if it is discovered early Von Gierke's disease - Correct answer Condition resulting from lack of *glucose-6- phosphate* in the liver, causing excess glycogen to be stored in the liver. Glycogen storage disease Cri du Chat - Correct answer CHS 5 aberration; "Cat's cry" by newborns. Disappears by age 1-2 Gaucher's lipodystrophy - Correct answer *Lipodystrophy* resulting in excess *glucocerebrosides* in the brain, liver and spleen Krabbe's lipodystrophy - Correct answer *Lipodystrophy* resulting in *excess galactocerebrosides* in *white matter* Niemann Pick's disease - Correct answer *Lipodystrophy* causing *increased sphingomyelin* due to a *sphingomyelinase deficiency*: Tay Sach's disease - Correct answer *Lipodystrophy* due to *increased gangliosides* in the brain. *Hexominidase A deficiency*. *Cherry red spots on the macula*. Causes infant death; most common with *ashkenasi Jews* Duchene's muscular dystrophy - Correct answer Muscular dystrophy most common in boys 3-7. *Pseudohypertrophy of calves*, where muscle is replaced by fat. *Recessive x linked*; *increased CPK (creative phosphokinase*. Gower's maneuver, waddling gait are seen. Proximal muscles are affected Fascioscapulohumeral dystrophy - Correct answer autosomal dominant form of muscular dystrophy in adults. affects face, scapula, upper arms Limb girdle dystrophy - Correct answer autosomal class of muscular dystrophy; effects hips and shoulders Myotonic dystrophy - Correct answer Can't relax skeletal muscle Fragile X - Correct answer Genetic disease that is the *most common form of mild mental retardation* caused by fragile site at *XQ27* Kleinfelter's - Correct answer 47XXY *karyotype*; tall male, low IQ, testicular atrophy, gynecomasatia, sterility Turner's - Correct answer 45X0 karyotype; females, short, webbed neck, amenorrhea; lack of secondary female characteristics Aneurysmal bone cyst - Correct answer "ABC"; benign bone tumor affecting the *metaphyseal/diaphyseal region*. Eccentric. "Blister of bone". <20 yoa Brown's tumor - Correct answer Tumor shaped radiolucency due to loss of bone density from *hyperparathyroidism* Chondroblastoma - Correct answer Epiphyseal/metaphyseal benign bone tumor affecting <20 yoa Chondroma - Correct answer Benign tumor of cartilage Chordoma - Correct answer Cancer that is most commonly seen in sacrum. Crosses joints