Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide, Exams of Nursing

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PATHO_ E PATHO_ EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES XAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES PATHO_ EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology What is pathophysiology Disease stages, e.g. latent, prodromal, chronic, exacerbation, convalescence, etc. ◆ PATHO_ E PATHO_ EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES XAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES Levels of prevention Primary - reduce exposure Secondary - early detection screening Tertiary - rehabilitative supportive care NUR 2063 PATHO_ Exam 1 Study Guide LATEST Chapter 2: Stress Vocabulary: Homeostasis, Allostasis, habituation ● Homeostasis - a state of equilibrium, of balance within the organism. ● Fluid and electrolyte imbalance Homeostatic responses refer to systems whose purpose is specifically to normalize selected physiologic variables. ● Allostasis - overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well- being. ○ Environment and lifestyle changes ○ Allostasis involves intricate regulatory processes orchestrated by the brain. ○ Allostasis may involve altering multiple physiologic variables to match the resources of the body to environmental demands. ○ It helps the body achieve homeostasis. PATHO_ E PATHO_ EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES XAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function Major function of cell structures, e.g. lysosomes, mitochondria, nucleus, etc. PATHO_ E PATHO_ EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES XAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES Chapter 24: Fluids and Electrolytes Normal values for 5 electrolytes, signs and symptoms, causes (calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium) PATHO_ E PATHO_ EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES XAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES Fluid excretion – what happens if abnormal amount ● Occurs during: ○ Normal excretion ■ Sweating ■ Urination ■ Respiration ■ Defecation ○ Abnormal secretion ■ Vomiting ■ Diarrhea PATHO_ E PATHO_ EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES XAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES Major repercussions of hypo- or hyper- natremia, -kalemia, magnesemia, - phosphatemia, - calcemia ● Potassium (K+) PATHO_ E PATHO_ EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES XAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES ● Hyperkalemia (>K+) ○ Can cause muscle under-excitability, so a muscle will have a harder time contracting = hypopolarized action potentials = slower electrical signaling of muscles ■ This can lead to muscle weakness or paralysis ■ Could affect muscles of the heart by slowing down heart rate by slowing down electrical conduction speed and decreasing contractility ■ Can slow down/stop lungs ● Hypokalemia (<K+) ○ Can hyperpolarize action potentials = speed up electrical signaling because the threshold of activation is lower = less reactive to stimuli ○ Can cause arrhythmias ● Sodium (Na+) PATHO_ E PATHO_ EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES XAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES ● Hypernatremia (>Na+) ○ High sodium concentration = low water concentration = dehydration ○ Causes a release of ADH which would make the body want to retain water ○ Can cause hypotension, tachycardia, restlessness ● Hyponatremia (<Na+) ○ Caused by over-dilution of sodium, drinking too much water or losing sodium from excessive sweating/diarrhea ○ Can cause lethargy, headache, confusion, apprehension, seizures, coma, cerebral swelling ● Magnesium (Mg) PATHO_ E PATHO_ EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES XAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES ● Phosphorus (P) (Phosphate in the body) ● Interaction between calcium and phosphate concentrations Chapter 7: Neoplasms Steps in carcinogenesis, e.g. initiation, promotion, progression PATHO_ E PATHO_ EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES XAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES Vocabulary, e.g. anaplasia, oncogene Anaplasia high in malignant tumors PATHO_ E PATHO_ EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES XAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES Risk factors for cancer General characteristics of benign vs malignant tumors PATHO_ E PATHO_ EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES XAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES Signs and symptoms of cancer, or possible warning signs PATHO_ E PATHO_ EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES XAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES PATHO_ E PATHO_ EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES XAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES Chapter 8 Infectious Process PATHO_ E PATHO_ EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES XAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES Chapter 9 Inflammation What are signs of inflammation, what causes these?; for example what causes edema? PATHO_ E PATHO_ EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES XAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES Causes of inflammation Mediators of acute inflammation, results of Lymph node locations PATHO_ E PATHO_ EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES XAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES What do treatments do to reduce inflammation, e.g. glucocorticoids, ice PATHO_ E PATHO_ EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES XAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES Conditions of excessive immune response PATHO_ E PATHO_ EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES XAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES Hypersensitivity reactions, IgE, IgM, IgG PATHO_ E PATHO_ EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES XAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES Function of different WBC’s; when do we see increased #?: eos, basos, lymphs, monos PATHO_ E PATHO_ EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES XAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES Osteoporosis Osteoclasts break down and absorb bone Osteoblasts creates new bone Bone cancer PATHO_ E PATHO_ EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES XAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES Rheumatoid arthritis Autoimmune disorder that affects the hands, wrists, knees and feet - causes hand deformities due to tendons not being able to properly function Herniated disk PATHO_ E PATHO_ EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES XAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES A condition in which the outer portion of the vertebral disk is torn and the inner portion pushes through the crack Muscular dystrophy Progressive muscle weakness and degradation PATHO_ E PATHO_ EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES XAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES Chapter 53 Integumentary System Types of exudates PATHO_ E PATHO_ EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES XAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES Healing process PATHO_ E PATHO_ EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES XAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES PATHO_ E PATHO_ EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES XAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES Pressure ulcers Stage 1 Pressure ulcer: PATHO_ E PATHO_ EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES XAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES So a stage 1 pressure ulcer will stay red even after applying pressure, non-blanchable Stage 2 Pressure ulcer: Stage 3 Pressure ulcer: PATHO_ E PATHO_ EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES XAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST NOTES When skin is rolled and touches the inner injury, the tissue itself would be less likely to heal due to the body thinking there is already skin there, rolled skin may need to be removed to heal properly Stage 4 Pressure ulcer: Unstageable Pressure Injury: