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Download Performance Task 4 Forensic 4Performance Task 4 Forensic 4 and more Cheat Sheet Forensics in PDF only on Docsity! 1 Criminology 4 Ethics and values I. Definition The word ethics was derived from the Late Latin ”ethnicus”, from Greek “Ethnikos” Which means “national”, which means nations, people; To Greek “ethos” custom (Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary, 2006). Ethics based on its etymological meaning is taken to mean as a philosophical science that deals with the morality of human conduct or human acts (Babor, Ethics, 2008). Ethics is the practical science of the morality of human conduct (Glenn, Ethics). II. Nature/Concept of Ethics a. It is a division of Philosophy under the Normative Philosophy Generally, Philosophy can be divided into four disciplines: (1) descriptive or speculative, (2) normative, (3) practical, and (4) critical. Ethics is more concerned of Normative Philosophy since it is more concerned on what is good or bad? Or what is right action and wrong action? b. It is a Practical Science Ethics is also a science for it is the result of series of studies, a systematized body of data reflected upon truth in relation to action. Towards this discovery of truth, sets of implied rules or directions for thought or action are established this makes the ethics more of a practical science. c. It focus on Human Acts Human acts are the material object of the study of ethics. It shall mean only those acts which are determined by the free will. It is characterized as acts done deliberately, freely or voluntarily. d. it is the science of the morality of human acts Ethics does not end with the study of human acts, if human act is the material object of the study of ethics its formal object is the rectitude (right morality) of human acts. Human acts may either be in agreement or disagreement with the dictates of reason. Hence Ethics deals with the morality of human conduct it is what makes us humans as differentiated from other living creatures in their ways of living. III. Division of Ethics Ethics has two major divisions: the General Ethics and Special Ethics. General ethics presents the general principles of morality of human acts while Special ethics provides for the application of the principles of general ethics to particular department of human activity, individual or social. IV. Human Acts A. Definition: Human act is an act which proceeds from the deliberate any sort of activity, internal or external, physical or spiritual, performed by human being. However, as used in this text, it shall be limited to those human acts which are proper to man as man. B. Classification of Human Acts Human acts may be classified either in relation to the will or in relation to reason: a) Elicited acts are those human acts that are complete or adequate cause, they begin and perfected in the human will itself such as wish, intention, consent, election, and other. Just like when a student decided to go to work with his assignment before going to plays with his friends his intention is a simple will-act (elicited act). b) Commanded acts are those are done in relation to the dictates of reason. They begin in the will but are perfected by other faculties under the control of the will. Thus, when a student decided to work first with his assignment before playing with his friends gets his books and notebooks and works with his assignment is an example of a commanded act. MORALITY = concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior HUMAN ACTS Actions that are done knowingly, deliberately and freely. BASES OF MORALITY 1) SOCIAL NORMS – unwritten standard of acceptable behavior in society a) Customs - established usage of social practices carried on by tradition that have obtained the force of law b) Tradition – bodies of beliefs, stories, customs and usages handed down from generation to generation with the effect of unwritten law. 2 2) LAWS OF SOCIETY – written rules of behavior a) Laws created by men to maintain harmony and order 3) RELIGION – a system of beliefs and practices based on faith and truths revealed to man by God 4) CONSCIECE – the practical judgment of reason telling us what should be done and what should be avoided; reflection is one’s character CHARACTER - refers to the traits of a person shown through his thoughts, action, values and virtues “Character is what you do when nobody’s looking.” - Anonymous VALUE/S - refer to anything that a person considers important, such as idea or experiences -These are one’s belief, principles, that are important, cherished, upheld and defended - they affect and influence how one thinks and feel, what one perceives, shape one’s goals, objectives and aspirations -These dictate one’s lifestyle and life’s choices and decisions VIRTUE/S - The habit of doing what is good or right - The opposite of which is vice FOUR (4) MORAL/CARDINAL VIRTUES 1) PRUDENCE - The ability to make decision by means of reason and sound judgment - the virtue that attracts the intellect to choose the most effective means for accomplishing what is good and avoiding what is evil. 2) FORTITUDE - Firmness of mind; the courage to endure without yielding the virtue that gives a person strength of the will; the virtue that incites courage Examples of Fortitude: a) PATIENCE - The ability to be calm in enduring situations b) PERSEVERANCE - The ability to go on despite obstacles c) ENDURANCE - The ability to last 3) TEMPERANCE - The ability to moderate one’s instincts and emotions; the virtue that regulates a person’s wants; also means self-control 4) JUSTICE - The virtue that inclines the will to give to each what is due to him; the virtue that inclines the will to respect the rights of others “To render to each his due” “Treat equals equally and unequal unequally in proportion to their inequality” THREE (3) DIVISION OF JUSTICE 1) COMMUTATIVE JUSTICE -regulates those actions that involve the rights that exist between individuals -calls for fundamental fairness in all agreement and exchanges between individuals or private social groups -demands respect for the equal human dignity of all persons in economic transaction contract or promises Examples: Workers owe their employers diligent work in exchange for their wages. Likewise, employers owe their workers payment for work done. 2) DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE -regulates those actions that involve the rights that an individual may claim from society -concerned with the fair allocation of resources among diverse members of a community -implies that society has a duty to the individuals in serious need and all individuals have duties to others in need -basis for the saying: “Those who have less in life should have more in law.” “From those to whom much is given, much is expected.” 3) LEGAL JUSTICE -regulates those actions which society may justly require of the individual for the common good -according to legal justice, the State may institute just laws and perform such acts to further the welfare of the community