Pharmacology Fundamentals: Understanding Drug Action, Classification, and Safety, Exams of Nursing

Download Pharmacology Fundamentals: Understanding Drug Action, Classification, and Safety and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! o Patients may treat themselves safely if they carefully follow directions on suffering Is used to compare other drugs in the same pharmacologic class Has known action and adverse effects Is well understood • How a drug produces an effect within the body Pharm 840 Essentials/Chapter Review Questions of Pharmacology Week 1 1. Drugs may elicit different responses depending on individual client factors. List these factors? 2. Physician has prescribed a brand name drug for the client. The client tells the nurse that the medication is too expensive. What is the best plan by the nurse? • The nurse should have the doctor prescribe the generic version 3. The nurse is teaching a class for clients about over-the-counter (OTC) medications. How does the nurse determine that education has been effective? • Read all labels carefully and call physician if there is any questions. • Advantages o No health care provider appointment is required o Often less expensive than prescription drugs • Disadvantages o Patient may choose the wrong drug o Patient may not know reactions or interactions o Ineffective treatment may result in progression of disease 4. Define pharmacotherapeutics? • 5. List examples of complement therapy? • Natural plant extracts, herbs, vitamins, minerals, dietary supplements • 6. Describe the term therapeutic? • Relating to the healing of a disease 7. Describe the prototype drug approach? • May not be the most widely used drug it its class • Disagreements may exist over which drug should serve as a prototype drug 8. Describe mechanism of action? 9. List examples of medication trade names? Genetics Health status Body Mass Sex Age(know correct dosage) Acupuncture, hypnosis, biofeedback, massage, therapeutic touch Is the application of drugs for the purpose of treating disease and treatment of the label and call MD if instructions are not clear. • Proprietary or brand names- written in upper case letters • Examples o Tylenol o Benadryl o Aleve o Advil, Motrin 10. How does a laboratory become a FDA laboratory? • 4 stages o Preclinical investigation: tests on cells/animals and lab research o Clinical investigation: test on healthy humans first, then on those with the target ailment o Review of new drug application: submit the FDA o Post marketing surveillance: new drug placed on the market and surveyed for harmful effects in larger population 11. Describe clinical investigation? • Takes place in 3 different stages termed clinical phase trials • Longest part of the approval process • Evaluates human benefits • Tests on health humans first, then on those with the target ailment (ex: covid+ppl) 12. Define controlled substances? • Are restricted by the Controlled Subtances Act of 1970 • Are frequently abused • Have a high potential for addiction or dependence • Have restricted use • Are placed into one of five schedules • Drugs that have a high potential for addiction are considered controlled substances 13. What are scheduled 2 medications? • May be dispersed only in cases where therapeutic value has been determined • Drugs, substances, or chemicals defined are drugs with a high potential for abuse, with use potentially leading to severe phycological or physical dependence. These drugs are also considered dangerous. • The presence of physical withdrawal symptoms(muscle tremors) is seen when a person is physically dependent on a drug and the drug is removed. • Examples: Dilaudid, methadone, meperidine, morphine, fentanyl (cocaine), Ritalin 14. What is the preclinical investigation for medication testing? • Involves laboratory research • Tests done on cells and animals (green monkeys and chickens) • Determines drug-dose range • Examines adverse effects • Results considered inconclusive 15. List the names of drugs that have the highest potential for addiction? • Controlled substances pose highest risk for addiction The nurse in the clinical research setting is knowledgeable about ethical principles and protection of human subject. What principle is demonstrated by ensuring the patient’s right to self-determination? Answer? Respect for persons The research nurse is meeting with a pt and determines, based on the assessment, that the patient meets inclusion criteria for clinical research. The patient agrees to participate in the clinical trial. The nurse advises the patient that which member of the health care team has the responsibility to explain the study and respond to questions? Answer: Health Care provider The clinical research nurse knows that only a small proportion of drugs survive the research and development process. An appreciation of the process and associated costs grows when the nurse is aware that approximately one in how many potential drugs is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration? Answer : 1,000 The nurse is interviewing a patient in Phase 1 clinical trial. Which patient statement indicates an understanding of this trial phase? Answer: I am doing this to be sure this drug is safe The foundation of clinical trials, Good Clinical Practice, is a helpful resource for nurses. The nurse is correct in choosing Good Clinical Practice as a reference for standards in which areas? SATA Answer: Design, monitoring/auditing, analyses, reporting, outcomes evaluation The nurse researcher reviews the proposed informed consent form for a future clinical trial. The nurse expects to find which in the document? SATA Answer: Description of benefits/risks, ID of related drugs, treatments and techniques, Statement of compensation for participants, if any, Description of serious risks The nurse knows that the patient should be informed about the risks and benefits related to clinical research. What ethical principle does this describe? Answer: Beneficence The nurse is reviewing a pts list of meds and notes that several have the highest abuse potential. According to US standards, the highest potential for abuse of drugs with accepted medical uses is found in drugs included in which schedule Answer: II The nurse is reviewing the drug approval process in the US and learns that food and drug admin modernatization act of 1997 contains which provisions? SATA Answer: Review of new drugs is accelerated, drug companies must provide info on off- label use of drugs, drug companies must offer advanced notice of plans to discontinue drugs The pt has questions about counterfeit drugs. Which factors alert the pt or nurse that a drug is counterfeuit or adulterated? SATA Answer: Variations in packaging, unexpected side effects, different taste The nurse knows importance of administering right medication to the patient and that drugs have many names. It is therefore most important the drugs be ordered by which name? Answer: Generic What provisions from the Controlled Substance Act of 1970 were designed to remedy drug abuse? Answer: The act established treatment and rehab facilities Chapter 3 Chapter Questions Which components of pharmacokinetics does the nurse need to understand before administering a drug? (Select all that apply.) Answer: Patients with kidney disease may have fewer protein- binding sites and are at risk for drug toxicity. When the drug metabolism rate is decreased, excess drug accumulation can occur, which can cause toxicity. The nurse will question the health care provider if a drug with a half-life ( t 1⁄2) omore than 24 hours is ordered to be given more than how often? Answer: Once daily The nurse is explaining drug action to a nursing student. Which statement made by the nurse is correct? Answer: A drug not bound to protein is an active drug A Native American patient is newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and is prescribed the antidiabetic drug metformin 500 mg by mouth with morning and evening meals. Which statement best indicates to the nurse that the patient will adhere to the therapeutic regimen? Answer: I will no longer put sugar on my cereal because that will help me be healthier The nurse is aware that the rate of absorption can be changed by which actions? (Select all that apply.) Answer: Modifying gastric emptying time, Changing gastric ph, forming drug complexes The nurse is meeting with a community group about medication safety. The nurse must emphasize that patients at high risk for drug interactions include which groups? (Select all that apply.) Answer: older patients, pts with chronic health conditions, pts taking 3 or more drugs The nurse recognizes that when a patient takes a hepatic enzyme inducer, the dose of warfarin is usually modified in which way? Answer: It is increased The nurse is describing to a patient the synergistic effects of two of his medications. Which statement by the nurse is correct about synergistic drug effects? Answer: A greater effect is achieved when two drugs are combined A patient asks the nurse about drug interactions with over-the-counter preparations. What is the nurse's best response? Answer: Read labels carefully, and check with your health care provider. Codeine is an example of a(n) as the cytochrome P450 system metabolizes the drug to facilitate receptor affinity. Answer: prodrug Chapter 4 Questions What class of drug is clopidogrel? Answer: inhibitors of platelet aggregation Patients with HIV should receive genetic testing for the allele HLA-B∗5701 before being treated with: Which of the following strategies are helpful when working with adolescent patients to promote adherence? (Select all that apply.) Answer: Allow flexibility in the treatment plan. Set up a mutually developed drug contract Chapter 7 Questions A patient has nine drugs prescribed to take daily. Which are common reasons for nonadherence to the drug regimen in an older adult? (Select all that apply.) Answer: Taking multiple drugs at one time Impaired memory Decreased dexterity The nurse is reviewing a patient's list of drugs. The nurse understands that the older adult's slower absorption of oral drugs is primarily because of which phenomenon? Answer: Decreased gastric blood flow The older adult patient has questions about oral drug metabolism. Information on what subject is most important to include in this patient's teaching plan? First-pass effect An older patient has just started on hydrochlorothiazide and is advised by the health care provider to eat foods rich in potassium. What is the nurse's best recommendation of foods to consume? Answer: Avocados and mushrooms The nurse is developing teaching materials for an 82-year-old African American man with macular degeneration, who is being discharged on two new drugs. Which strategies would be best to use to impart the information? (Select all that apply.) Answer: Limit distractions in the room when teaching. Augment teaching with audio material. Use large, dark print on a light background for written material. What changes with aging alter drug distribution? (Select all that apply.) Answer: A decrease in muscle mass and an increase in fat A decrease in serum albumin levels A decrease in kidney mass What factors contribute to polypharmacy in older adults? (Select all that apply.) Answer: Multiple health care providers Multiple chronic diseases What is the best measure for the nurse to use to determine a patient's kidney function? Answer: Estimated glomerular filtration rate Chapter 8 Questions When caring for a patient recovering from an episode of opioid toxicity, the nurse determines that the patient has opioid use disorder based on which finding? Answer: Cravings that result in drug-seeking behaviors A patient hospitalized with a fractured femur after an automobile accident develops nausea and vomiting, abdominal cramps, and restlessness. The nurse suspects that the patient is experiencing which reaction? Answer: Opioid withdrawal Which treatments will the nurse anticipate administering to a patient who has been admitted with alcohol toxicity? (Select all that apply.) Answer: Thiaminec, IV, intravenous glucose solution The nurse observes another nurse taking oral opioids from the medication room at the hospital. Which is the best action for the nurse who observes drug diversion to take? Answer: Report the finding to the nursing supervisor to enable the nurses participation in a nondisciplinary program A patient is to start disulfiram to help with alcohol use disorder. The nurse providing medication education about the drug will include which topics in the education plan? (Select all that apply.) Answer: Importance of taking meds every day, that better results are experienced when a support group helps with treatment adherence, common food and hygiene products that contain alcohol, that disulfiram works by disrupting the metabolism of alcohol, that use of alcohol with disulfiram may cause nausea and vomiting and may even be fatal Chapter 9 Questions The patient asks the nurse how to dispose of old medications. What should the nurse tell the patient? (Select all that apply.) Answer: Mix old drugs with cat litter before disposing, remove personal information from the bole The nurse educator on the unit receives a list of high- alert drugs. Which strategy is recommended to decrease the risk of errors? (Select all that apply.) Answer: Limit access to high-alert drugs, use special labels for high-alert drugs, provide increased training to staff, standardize the ordering and preparation The Joint Commission recommends which of the following abbreviations for the "Do Not Use" list? Answer: QD A patient refuses to take the prescribed medication. Which is the nurse's best response to this patient? Answer: Explain the benefits and side effects of the drug What information is essential for the nurse to document when giving drugs? (Select all that apply.) Answer: Document the correct site of an injectable drug, document the patients response to the drug, document the bp before giving a drug, document the date, time and dose drug if given The nurse prepares to administer medications. Which drug orders are complete? (Select all that apply.) Answer: Aspirin 81 mg PO daily, Ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO tid The Quality and Safety Education for Nurses' focus on safety is best exemplified by which competency? Answer: Collaborative patient and family care Chapter 10 Questions The nurse is administering oral medications to a patient. Which are important considerations? (Select all that apply.) Answer: Always administer GI-irritating drugs with food, avoid mixing meds into infant formula, stop oral medications for nausea/vomiting The clinic nurse is preparing to administer an intradermal injection. Which needle and gauge are most appropriate for this procedure?