philosophical perspective of self, Slides of Philosophy

Download philosophical perspective of self and more Slides Philosophy in PDF only on Docsity! The philosophical perspectives of self A presentation made by group What ts the Philosophical Self? ~ + - Alopece 468-399 B.C.E -a Greek philosopher from Athens who was credited as one of the forerunners of western philosophy -scholar, teacher and a philosopher who influenced countless of thinkers out generations. -have a method of questioning, famously known as the SOCRATIC METHOD What ts the Socratic Method? ~ + -a form of cooperative argumentative dialogue between individuals, based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to draw out ideas and underlying presuppositions.. What are the 2 realms? ~ + -the physical realm and the ideal realm -The physical realm is changeable, transient, and imperfect. The body belongs to the physical realm. -The ideal realm is unchanging, eternal, and immortal. The soul belongs to the ideal realm. -preoccupation with bodily needs such as food, drink, sex, pleasure, material possessions, and wealth keep us from attaining wisdom -The soul strives for wisdom and perfection, and reason is the soul’s tool to achieve an exalted state of life -Life is all about striving to be happy. -the virtuous man is a happy man. -born 428/427 BCE, Athens, Greece—died 348/347, Athens) -ancient Greek philosopher, student of Socrates (c. 470- 399 BCE), -teacher of Aristotle (384-322 BCE), -founder of the Academy, best known as the author of philosophical works of unparalleled influence. What is his philosophy of self? -—_-@— > -Plato’s philosophy of the self can be explained as a process of self-knowledge and purification of the soul. -The “soul” is the most divine aspect of the human being. The self/soul/mind is the aspect of human beings by which ideas (forms) are known. What is his philosophical method? -—_-@— > -His philosophical method was “collection and division”. In this method, the philosopher would “collect” all the generic ideas that seemed to have common characteristics and then divide them into different kinds. until the subdivision of ideas become specific. What is theory of forms? -—_-@— > It means that there are 2 worlds, physical and real world (world of forms) The “real world” is actually composed of pure forms or essence What makes an apple an apple? (apple-ness) What makes wise men wise? (wisdom) The world of forms contains the perfect ideal thing it is representing Where as the physical world, we only see shadows of the “real world”, How does this relate to “soul” ? -—_-@— > The soul is eternal and unchanging, before it is placed in the body in the physical world, it was connected to the “real world” of forms, this is why we can recollect and understand them. eSt. Augustine also called Saint Augustine of Hippo eLatin name Aurelius Augustinus «Born November 13, 354 in Tagaste, Numidia (Souk Ahras,Algeria) ¢Died august 28, 430, Hippo Rigius (Annaba, Algeria) What ts his perspective of self ae -Self for St. Augustine is an immaterial but rational soul. His concept of the “self” is an inner, immaterial “I” which had self-knowledge and self-awareness. -the soul governs the body and defines a person -a body cannot exist without a soul -a soul is united to the body to make a man whole -the body possessed senses, such as imagination, memory, reason and mind through which the soul experienced the world “| am doubting, therefore | am.” "But who will doubt that he lives, remembers, understands, wills, thinks, knows, and judges? For even if he doubts, he lives. If he doubts where his Doubs come from, he remembers. If he doubts, he understands that he doubts. If he doubts, he wants to be certain. If he doubts, he thinks. If he doubts, he knows that he does not know. If he doubts, he judges that he ought not rashly to give assent. So whoever acquires a doubt from any source ought not to doubt any of these things whose non-existence would mean that he could not entertain doubt about anything." (Augustine, On the Trinity 10.10.14 quoted in Richard Sorabji Self, 2006, p.219). Rene Descartes | think, therefore , 1am Who is Rene Descartes? ~ + -“doubt” was a principal tool of disciplinary inquiry, methodical skepticism, which is a systematic process of being skeptical about the truth of one’s belief to determine which belief could be ascertained as true. -He asserted that everything perceived by the senses could not be used as proof of existence. -there could only be one thing we could be sure of in this world and that was everything could be doubted. What is Cogito Ergo Sum? -—_-@— > -Cogito Ergo Sum is the latin translation of “I think, therefore, lam” is Descartes concept of self, - | doubt, Therefore | think, Therefore | am What are his claims about self ? -—_-@— > 1. it is constant, not prone to change and not affected by time 2. only the immaterial soul remains the same throughout time 3. the immaterial soul is the source of our identity. What are the 2 dimensions of self? ae Who is John Locke? ~ + Born August 29, 1632, Wrington Somerset, England Died October 28 1704 High Laver, Essex, English English philosopher tabula rasa or blank slate personal identity theory What Is tabula rasa? ~ + -“self” consist of memory, the person now is the same as the person he is yesterday. -A person's memory provides continuity of experience that allows him/her to identify him/herself as the same person over time. -This theory of personal identity allows Locke to justify a defense of accountability. -a person who remembers is always accountable to his past behaviors. SIGMUND FREUD THE SELF IS MULTILAYERED Who is Sigmund Freud ae A practice devised to treat mental illnesses through dialogue What ts self? ~ + Psyche (the human soul mind or spirit ) is divided in three levels of consciousness 1. Conscious 2.Sub-conscious 3. Unconscious What Is conscious? ~ + - deals with awareness of what is present What Is unconscious? ~ + -iS defined as a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of conscious awareness. psyche/mind into three parts -—_-@— > the id operates on the pleasure principle. What is Ego? ~ + The ego operates based on the reality principle, which strives to satisfy the id's desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways PERSONALITY Personality has 3 parts (tripartite) Id Primitive features that are driven by an unconscious need for pleasure (pleasure principle). Present at birth. Displays itself as selfish and demands gratification. Ego Develops around the age of 2 and focuses on the reality principle. |! reduces the conflict between Id and Superego by implementing defence mochanisms. Superego Develops around the age of 5. It‘s our internal morals (morality principle) thal we learm from our same-sex parent, that punishes our ego for any wrong through guilt. DAVID HUME THERE IS NO SELF What ts the bundle theory? ~ + the “self” or person as a bundle or collection of different perceptions that are moving in a very fast and successive manner. He believed that human intellect and experiences are limited, therefore, it is impossible to attribute it to an independent persisting entity (soul). For him, the “self” is made up of successive impressions. According to Hume’s two division of the mind, the passions (what we today would call emotions, feelings, and desires) and ideas (original, vivid and lively perceptions that are not copied from other perceptions) Gilbert Ryle THE SELF IS THE WAY PEOPLE BEHAVE (| act, therefore, | am) What is his Perspective? ~ + -Gilbert Ryle authored The Concept of Mind. He also followed ordinary language philosophy. ... Arguing that the mind does not exist and therefore can't be the seat of self, Ryle believed that self comes from behavior. We're all just a bundle of behaviors caused by the physical workings of the body. What ts “I act Therefore | am”? -—_-@— > Who is Paul Churchland ~ + -Born on October 21,1942 -Place of birth Vancouver Canada -University of Pittsburgh -Neurophilosophy, Philosophy of Mind What Is Dualism? ~ +