Phineas Gage and Brain Structure - Fundamentals of Psychology - Lecture Slides, Slides of Introduction to Psychology

Download Phineas Gage and Brain Structure - Fundamentals of Psychology - Lecture Slides and more Slides Introduction to Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! Brain Structure and Function Docsity.com “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t” -Emerson Pugh, The Biological Origin of Human Values (1977) Docsity.com Evolution otal Brain Chimpanzee Motor areas ™@ Sensory areas Association areas ia Docsity.com The Brain • Brainstem –responsible for automatic survival functions • Medulla –controls heartbeat and breathing Docsity.com BRAINSTEM  Heart rate and breathing CEREBELLUM  Coordination and balance Parts of the Brain amygdala pituitary hippocampus THALAMUS  Relays messages Docsity.com The Limbic System • Hypothalamus, pituitary, amygdala, and hippocampus all deal with basic drives, emotions, and memory • Hippocampus  Memory processing • Amygdala  Aggression (fight) and fear (flight) • Hypothalamus  Hunger, thirst, body temperature, pleasure; regulates pituitary gland (hormones) Docsity.com The Limbic System  Hypothalamus  neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; directs several maintenance activities  eating  drinking  body temperature  helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland  linked to emotion  (show video) Docsity.com The Limbic System Show self stimulation clip Docsity.com The Cerebral Cortex • Cerebral Cortex –the body’s ultimate control and information processing center Docsity.com The lobes of the cerebral hemispheres Central sulcus Parietal lobe Frontal lobe Parieto- occipital sulcus Temporal lobe~ Pre-occipital Occipital lobe The lobes of the cerebral hemispheres Planning, decision making speech Sensory Auditory Vision Docsity.com The Cerebral Cortex • Frontal (Forehead to top)  Motor Cortex • Parietal (Top to rear)  Sensory Cortex • Occipital (Back)  Visual Cortex • Temporal (Above ears)  Auditory Cortex Docsity.com Motor/Sensory Cortex ¢ Contralateral ¢ Homunculus e Unequal IP ; yebrows & Eyelids aele)eet\c1al ec lilele Motor Somatosensory cortex cortex Chewing wallowing Sensory Areas — Sensory Homunculus Genitals Jaw Tongue i nx Somatic Phary sensory cortex (postcentral gyrus) Intra- abdominal Paul Broca [1800s] • Suggested localization Docsity.com Techniques to examine functions of the brain 1. Remove part of the brain & see what effect it has on behavior 2. Examine humans who have suffered brain damage Docsity.com 3. Stimulate the brain hee Bost cP at 4. Record brain activity Our Divided Brains • Corpus collosum – large bundle of neural fibers (myelinated axons, or white matter) connecting the two hemispheres Docsity.com Hemispheric Specialization LEFT Symbolic thinking (Language) Detail Literal meaning RIGHT Spatial perception Overall picture Context, metaphor Docsity.com Contra-lateral division of labor • Right hemisphere controls left side of body and visual field • Left hemisphere controls right side of body and visual field Docsity.com Brain Plasticity • The ability of the brain to reorganize neural pathways based on new experiences • Persistent functional changes in the brain represent new knowledge • Age dependent component • Brain injuries Docsity.com Environmental influences on neuroplasticity Impoverished environment Enriched environment Docsity.com Sensation and Perception Docsity.com The psychophysics of sensation • Absolute threshold  the minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus with 50% accuracy • Subliminal stimulation  below the absolute threshold for conscious awareness – May affect behavior without conscious awareness • Sensory adaptation/habituation  diminished sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus Docsity.com The five major senses • Vision – electromagnetic – Occipital lobe • Hearing – mechanical – Temporal lobe • Touch – mechanical – Sensory cortex • Taste – chemical – Gustatory insular cortex • Smell – chemical – Olfactory bulb – Orbitofrontal cortex – Vomeronasal organ? Docsity.com The sixth sense • Vestibular  balance and motion – Inner ear • Proprioceptive  relative position of body parts – Parietal lobe • Temperature  heat – Thermoreceptors throughout the body, sensory cortex • Nociception  pain – Nociceptors throughout the body, sensory cortex And the seventh…and eighth…and ninth… Docsity.com