Linguistics 2100: Test 3 Study Guide - Phrase Structure, Parts of Speech, Acquisition - Pr, Exams of Linguistics

Download Linguistics 2100: Test 3 Study Guide - Phrase Structure, Parts of Speech, Acquisition - Pr and more Exams Linguistics in PDF only on Docsity! Linguistics 2100: Test 3 Study Guide Section 1: Phrase Structure Rules o NP: (Det.) (Adj.) N (PP) o PP: Prep NP o Adj. P: Adv. Adj. o Adv. P: Adv. Adv. o VP: (Adv.) V (NP) (Adv.) (PP) (Adv.) o S: NP (Aux) (not) VP Section 2: Parts of Speech  Open Lexical Category o Nouns  Person, place, thing, idea, action, event  Plural marker  Appear after determiners and adjectives o Verbs  Describes events, actions, states, processes  Progressive(ing) 3rd person singular(s) Past tense(ed) Past Participle(ed)  Can be accompanied by auxiliary (helping verb) o Adjectives  Describes a quality of a noun  Comparative(er) Superlative(est)  Occur before nouns and after determiners  Can be modified by adverbs or nouns o Adverbs  Manner or temporal relation(quickly,often) express attitude of the speaker  -ly ending  Modify adjectives, verbs, other adverbs, entire sentences  Closed Lexical Category o Determiners  Express indefiniteness or definiteness, possession  These, those show distinct plural  Appear with nouns o Prepositions  Instrumental, spatial or temporal relation, possessive  Occur after nouns o Auxiliaries (helping verbs)  May give tense, idea of necessity or possibility  3rd person singular(s) in some cases  Will occur with main verb o Pronouns  Upgrade to a NP  Some variation in the form depending on the function  Occupy the place of a noun o Conjunctions  Joining two elements of the same category  XP: X and X