PHSC 121 Homeworks (5-7) 2nd Exam 2024-2025. All Questions & Correct Answers. Graded A+, Exams of Physics

Download PHSC 121 Homeworks (5-7) 2nd Exam 2024-2025. All Questions & Correct Answers. Graded A+ and more Exams Physics in PDF only on Docsity! PHSC 121 Homeworks (5-7) 2nd Exam 2024-2025. All Questions & Correct, Verified Answers. Already Graded A+ A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon is at or close to __________. Shadow falls on the _________ and this endures for a __________ time than a lunar eclipse. a. perigee / Earth / shorter b. apogee / Moon / longer c. perigee / Moon / shorter d. apogee / Moon / shorter e. apogee / Earth / longer - ANSa. perigee / Earth / shorter According to our text, both Jupiter and Saturn are made up mostly of hydrogen and helium and neither planet has a solid surface. T/F - ANST All of the following statements are true. Which statement explains the reason why there is not a solar eclipse at every new Moon? a. The Moon passes through all of its angular positions relative to the Sun and Earth, once each synodic period b. The Moon passes between the Earth and the Sun once each synodic month c. The Moon's period of revolution around the Earth and the Moon's period of rotation are the same (take the same time) d. The orbital plane of the Moon around the Earth is tilted about 5 degrees to the ecliptic plane e. The nodes of the Moon's orbit precess with an 18 year period - ANSd. The orbital plane of the Moon around the Earth is tilted about 5 degrees to the ecliptic plane An astronomical unit is the distance from the ________ . a. Earth to Neptune b. Earth to the Moon c. center of the Milky Way Galaxy to its edge (i.e. radius of the galaxy) d. Earth to the Sun - ANSd. Earth to the Sun At approximately what time would a full Moon be over your meridian? a. noon b. 9:00 p.m. c. midnight d. 6:00 a.m. e. 6:00 p.m. - ANSc. midnight At what time will a full Moon rise on your local horizon? a. midnight b. 9:00 p.m. c. 6:00 a.m. d. 6:00 p.m. e. noon - ANSd. 6:00 p.m. Doppler shifting assumes what kind of change in emissions received from an object, due to the object's movement? a. change in temperature of light from the object b. no change because an object's emissions do not change because of the object's motion c. change in X ray radiation from the object d. change in frequency of light from the object e. change in energy of emission from the object - ANSd. change in frequency of light from the object Earth is _________ AU from the Sun, has a surface temperature of __________ deg K and is the only planet with _________ and _________ a. 1.0 / 350 / breathable oxygen / greenhouse gases b. 1.0 / 270 / gaseous nitrogen / abundant water at the surface c. 1.0 / 300 / abundant water / a magnetic field to protect against solar radiation flares d. 1.0 / 290 / breathable oxygen / an ozone shield - ANSd. 1.0 / 290 / breathable oxygen / an ozone shield Emission is the... a. process by which matter radiates light energy b. process by which light passes through matter, while being partially absorbed and changing direction c. process by which light is absorbed by matter and changed into another energy form d. process by which light passes through matter without being absorbed - ANSa. process by which matter radiates light energy Exceptions to the rules for an orderly Solar System include which of the following a. Uranus rotates nearly on its side b. Most large moons orbit around their parent planet in the same direction the planet is rotating but many small moons rotate differently from this c. Neptune rotates backward (opposite from the direction of the rest of the planets) d. a and b are true Light with wavelengths shorter than blue light is called _____________ and light with wavelengths longer than red is called ______________ a. radio waves / gamma rays b. infrared radiation / X rays c. Infrared radiation / radio waves d. ultraviolet radiation / infrared radiation - ANSd. ultraviolet radiation / infrared radiation Mars is an average distance of approximately _______ AU from the Sun, is about ________ the radius of the Earth and has two polar ice caps containing mostly ________ ice. a. 1.4 / half / methane b. 1.5 / half / carbon dioxide c. 1.7 / one half / ammonia d. 1.2 / two thirds / hydrogen and helium - ANSb. 1.5 / half / carbon dioxide Mercury is an average distance of approximately _______ AU from the Sun and has a surface temperature of about _______ deg K during daylight hours. a. 0.3 / 710 b. 0.4 / 700 c. 0.5 / 690 d. 0.2 / 650 - ANSb. 0.4 / 700 Mercury rotates three times in two of its orbital periods. This means that each day and each night is about three Earth months long! T/F - ANST Modern theory estimates the Sun's core temperature to be _____________ deg K and that it takes ___________ years for core energy to reach the Sun's surface from the interior. a. 15,000 / 1000 b. 15 million / 10,000 c. 15 million / several hundred thousand d. 1 million / 100,000 e. 100,000 / several hundred thousand - ANSc. 15 million / several hundred thousand Modern theory teaches that the Sun's heat is generated in the ____________ and then moves out through the ___________ to the surface. a. core / convective zone then through the radiative zone b. convective zone / core, then through the radiative zone c. radiative zone / convective zone then through the core d. core / radiative zone then through the convective zone e. radiative zone / core, then through the convective zone - ANSd. core / radiative zone then through the convective zone Neptune is an average distance of approximately _______ AU from the Sun, has a radius about _________ x the Earth's radius, and its largest moon, Triton ____________ a. 35 / 4 / is larger than Mercury b. 32 / 4 / is larger than Mercury c. 30 / 4 / is larger than Pluto d. 25 / 3 / is larger than our Moon - ANSc. 30 / 4 / is larger than Pluto Neptune's moon Triton is the only large moon in the Solar System that orbits "backwards" around its parent planet. This means that it orbits in a direction opposite to the direction Neptune spins / rotates. T/F - ANST Photons are characterized by... a. wavelength, frequency, and energy b. temperature, wavelength and wave speed c. color, temperature and frequency d. temperature, wavelength, and color - ANSa. wavelength, frequency, and energy Pluto actually spends part of its orbit closer to the Sun than Neptune, and is composed of ice mixed with rock. T/F - ANST Pluto is different from Solar System planets in which of the following ways? a. Pluto is warmer than Neptune, even though Neptune is closer to the Sun b. Pluto's orbit has a higher orbital eccentricity and inclination than the major planets c. Pluto has a shorter year (orbital period around the Sun) than Neptune d. a and b e. b and c - ANSb. Pluto's orbit has a higher orbital eccentricity and inclination than the major planets Pluto is just a little larger than the Earth's Moon T/F - ANSF Saturn is an average distance of approximately _______ AU from the Sun, has a radius about _________ x the Earth's radius, and though close to Jupiter in size, has only about _________ Jupiter's mass a. 9 / 9 / one fourth b. 10 / 9 / one third c. 10 / 8 / three quarters d. 8 / 10 / one half - ANSb. 10 / 9 / one third Sunspots are ____________ and have a / an ___________ cycle. a. cool spots in the corona / 11 year b. cool spots in the chromosphere / 5 year c. hot spots in the photosphere / 100 year d. cool spots in the photosphere / 11 year e. hot spots in the corona / 5 year - ANSd. cool spots in the photosphere / 11 year The dark side of the Moon is the side of the Moon we never see from Earth and it is always dark. T/F - ANSF The diameter of the Moon is about ______________ X the Earth's diameter a. 1/2 b. 1/4 c. 1/3 d. 1/5 e. 1/10 - ANSb. 1/4 The Earth's umbra is the _______________ . a. part of the Earth's shadow where Sunlight is partially blocked b. part of the Earth's shadow where a total solar eclipse occurs c. part of the Earth's shadow where Sunlight is completely blocked d. part of the Moon's shadow on Earth that completely blocks the Sun's light e. the part of the Earth's surface where Sunlight is completely blocked when the Sun comes between the Earth and the Moon - ANSc. part of the Earth's shadow where Sunlight is completely blocked The IAU definition of a planet includes which of the following a. It must have more mass than the Earth's Moon b. It must dominate its orbit (be isolated in its orbit) around the Sun c. It must be at least the size of Mercury (smallest of the major planets) d. a and b are true c. The minimum mass of a moon, required for a moon to orbit a planet without breaking up under the planet's force of gravity d. the minimum distance a moon must be from a planet, to orbit the planet without breaking up under the planet's force of gravity e. The minimum time of revolution for a planet revolving around (orbiting) the Sun - ANSd. the minimum distance a moon must be from a planet, to orbit the planet without breaking up under the planet's force of gravity The Sun is made up mostly of ___________ and is approximately ___________ X the radius of the Earth. a. helium and nitrogen / 10 b. liquid hydrogen / 100 c. hydrogen and helium / 100 d. gaseous and plasma helium and nitrogen / 1000 e. hydrogen and helium / 1000 - ANSc. hydrogen and helium / 100 The Sun's atmosphere is hottest in the _____________ where the temperature is estimated to be ______________ deg K . a. corona / 1 million b. chromosphere / 1 million c. chromosphere / 10,000 d. corona / 100,000 e. photosphere / 10,000 - ANSa. corona / 1 million The Sun's radius is _______ x the Earth's radius, is composed of ___________ hydrogen and helium and contains more than __________ of the solar system's total mass. a. 109 / 97 / 99.7 b. 107 / 99 / 99.5 c. 108 / 98 / 99.8 d. 108 / 99 / 98.8 - ANSc. 108 / 98 / 99.8 The synodic period for the Moon is _____________ days and this is the time it takes the Moon to revolve around the Earth ___________ . a. 29.5 days / relative to the stars b. 27.3 days / relative to the stars c. 27.3 days / through the Moon's phases d. 29.5 days / through the Moon's phases - ANSd. 29.5 days / through the Moon's phases Transmission is the... a. process by which light passes through matter without being absorbed b. process by which light is absorbed by matter and transformed into another energy form c. process by which matter radiates light energy d. process by which light passes through matter, while being partially reflected and changing direction - ANSa. process by which light passes through matter without being absorbed Uranus is an average distance of approximately _______ AU from the Sun, has a radius about _________ x the Earth's radius, and its north pole has continuous daylight for ___________ months during each orbit around the Sun. a. 20 / 5 / 10.5 b. 20 / 4 / 36 c. 19 / 4 / 42 d. 18 / 5 / 12 - ANSc. 19 / 4 / 42 Uranus' blue - green color is due to the presence of water vapor ice crystals in its atmosphere. T/F - ANSF Uranus' rotation is on its side, as with the orientation of its rings, against its orbital path around the Sun. Its moons however do not revolve in this sideways fashion but revolve around Uranus in the same way as the moons of the rest of the planets in the Solar System. T/F - ANSF Venus is an average distance of approximately _______ AU from the Sun and has a surface temperature of about _______ deg K and rotates _______ Earth rotates a. 0.8 / 750 / in the same direction as b. 0.6 / 700 in the same direction as c. 0.6 / 730 / opposite (retrograde) to the direction d. 0.7 / 740 / opposite (retrograde) to the direction - ANSd. 0.7 / 740 / opposite (retrograde) to the direction Venus' dense atmosphere causes its surface temperature to be hotter than that of Mercury. The atmospheric pressure at Venus' surface is equivalent to that two miles below the Earth's ocean surface. T/F - ANSF Voyager II, launched in 1977 (true statement), has passed by Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and has actually left the Solar System (see also text, p 208) T/F - ANST We see the same side of the Moon always because ______________ . a. the Moon reflects sunlight to the Earth only from one direction because the Moon's angle toward the Earth and Sun never changes b. the Moon rotates with the same period (about 4 weeks) as its period of revolution around the Earth c. the Moon faces the Sun with one side only and that is what we see d. the Moon does not rotate e. the Earth always faces the Moon from the same direction and angle relative to the Sun - ANSb. the Moon rotates with the same period (about 4 weeks) as its period of revolution around the Earth What led scientists to believe Neptune was present before it was actually discovered? a. Some scientists saw a bright blurry object in early telescopes b. Asteroids disappeared when observed passing through space near the location of Neptune c. Neptune's gravitational force effected Uranus' orbit, suggesting the presence of a significant mass in an orbit farther out than Uranus d. Neptune cast a shadow on Uranus when it passed between the Sun and Uranus e. Scientists were aware of a magnetic anomaly affecting Uranus which could only be explained by the presence of a strong magnetized planet located farther out - ANSc. Neptune's gravitational force effected Uranus' orbit, suggesting the presence of a significant mass in an orbit farther out than Uranus Where are most of the known asteroids found? a. between Mars and Jupiter b. between Uranus and Neptune c. Oort cloud d. Kuiper Belt e. Beyond (outside of - farther from the Sun than) Neptune's orbit - ANSa. between Mars and Jupiter Which of the following conditions is required for a lunar eclipse? a. The phase of the Moon must be new and the Moon's orbital plane must lie in the ecliptic. b. The phase of the Moon must be new and the nodes of the Moon's orbit must be nearly aligned with the Earth and the Sun. c. The phase of the Moon can be new or full and the nodes of the Moon's orbit must be nearly aligned with the Earth and the Sun. b. It is presently the most volcanically active body in the Solar System c. Its surface rises and falls 100 meters due to "tidal" effects of Jupiter's gravity d. a and b e. a, b, and c - ANSe. a, b, and c Which of the following is true of Mars? a. Its canals at one time probably carried liquid water b. It has the thickest lithosphere in the Solar System c. Observable water ice is only present at its north pole d. a and b e. b and c - ANSe. b and c Which of the following is true of Mercury? a. It has a thick iron core taking up 3/4 of its diameter b. It has too small a gravitational field to hold an atmosphere c. Its rotation is retrograde d. a and b e. b and c - ANSd. a and b Which of the following is true of Neptune? a. it is believed that Neptune has no solid core b. It has the strongest winds of the Jovian planets, and presently has a spot (storm) in its southern hemisphere c. It has the highest density of the Jovian planets d. a and b e. b and c - ANSe. b and c Which of the following is true of Saturn? a. It has the lowest density of the Jovian planets b. It has the hottest internal temperature of the Jovian planets c. Nitrogen in the atmosphere is the reason for Saturn's yellow appearance d. Saturn radiates about 1 1/4 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun e. Saturn's moon Triton is the largest moon in the Solar System - ANSa. It has the lowest density of the Jovian planets Which of the following is true of the Earth? a. Its lithosphere is thicker and deeper than the lithosphere on Mars b. It's atmosphere has more oxygen by percent than any other planet in the Solar System c. It has more oxygen than any other element d. a and b e. b and c - ANSb. It's atmosphere has more oxygen by percent than any other planet in the Solar System Which of the following is true of the greenhouse gases on Earth a. They keep the Earth about 33 deg C warmer than it would be without these gases b.Water vapor and carbon dioxide are the primary greenhouse gases on Earth c.They absorb short wave solar radiation on its way from the Sun to the Earth d. a and b e. a, b, and c - ANSd. a and b Which of the following is true of the Jovian planets? a. They are mostly gas but have more mass in their cores than in their gas atmospheres b. They have a somewhat elliptical shape, with more mass near the equator c. Jupiter, Saturn and Neptune radiate significantly more energy than they receive from the Sun d. a and b e. b and c - ANSe. b and c Which of the following is true of the red spot on Jupiter a. It is located in Jupiter's southern hemisphere b. It is the oldest and longest enduring circulation observed in the Solar System c. It is shrinking as indicated by satellite photographs in recent years but is still larger than 2 X the size of the Earth d. a and b e. a, b, and c - ANSe. a, b, and c Which of the following is true of the rings around Saturn? a. The C, B, and A rings revolve around Saturn in a regular motion but the Phoebe ring has a retrograde orbit around Saturn b. They are made up of water ice chunks c. Most of the rings' materials lie inside Saturn's Roche limit d. a and b e. a, b, and c - ANSe. a, b, and c Which of the following is true of Uranus? a. It has the highest density of the Jovian planets b. It has the lowest temperature atmosphere of the Jovian planets c. Its rotation is retrograde and its rotation axis lies virtually in the same plane as its plane of orbit around the Sun d. a and b e. b and c - ANSe. b and c Which of the following is true of Venus? a. It has had more volcanic activity in the past than any other planet in the Solar System b. It has an atmosphere with surface pressure 90 X the surface pressure of the Earth's atmosphere c. Its rotation is in the same direction as the other planets but its day is longer than its year d. a and b e. b and c - ANSd. a and b Which of the following observations indicates that conditions on Mars may have been suitable for life in the past? a. There is a very deep and long canyon that extends across Mars b. Mars has what appear to be dried up river beds on its surface c. There are very large extinct volcanoes on Mars d.Mars has a thin atmosphere which could have been much more dense in the past and may have been able to support life. e. Mars has polar ice caps made of carbon dioxide ice - ANSb. Mars has what appear to be dried up river beds on its surface Which of the planets below has a ring system? a. Jupiter b. Saturn c. Uranus d. Neptune e. All of the above - ANSe. All of the above Which planet has the highest average surface temperature and why? a. Jupiter because of its large size and gravitational compression and because it is closer to the Sun than the other Jovian planets. b. Venus because it has greater mass and gravitational force to hold in more of its atmosphere than Mercury and it is almost as close to the Sun as Mercury c. Mercury because of its dense carbon dioxide atmosphere d. Venus because it has a dense carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas) atmosphere e. Mercury because it is closest to the Sun - ANSd. Venus because it has a dense carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas) atmosphere