Physical Education - fundamentals of games and sport, Study notes of Accounting

Download Physical Education - fundamentals of games and sport and more Study notes Accounting in PDF only on Docsity! MIDTERM PE 3 BSA – 2B PHYSICAL EDUCATION - Education through Physical Activities. - Education through Movement. - It provides sensory data. - It broadens the perspective horizon. - It stimulates function & structure of all bodily organs. - It is the means by which an individual learns about himself in relation to his ambient environment. FUNCTIONS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION BIOLOGICAL - Enhancement of the individual's Growth & Development through body movement. INTEGRATIVE - Personality integration achieved through participation in properly selected physical activities. SOCIAL - transmitting values and standards that are consistent with the needs and ideals of the society. FITNESS - MAJOR GOAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION In the field of Physical Education, the concept of FItness has implications for physical, social, emotional, and mental well - being. In view of these four aspects it can be said that FITNESS is the ability to live a healthy, satisfying and useful life. This type of life is what the educational philosophers and thinkers term as the "good life". This is the ultimate goal of education. To live the "good life" means that an individual satisfies the basic needs as physical well - being, love, affection, security and self – respect Objectives of Physical Education 1. PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT The attainment of physical skills can motivate an individual who participates further in physical activities; hence, his / her growth and development will be improved 2. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Involvement in Physical Education activities provides opportunities for the development of enviable social traits needed for adjustment to the social life in general. Some traits are, friendliness, cooperation, respect for the rights of others, good sportsmanship, good leadership and followership and honesty in group competition 3. EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT The informal nature of Physical Education activities offers opportunities for self - expression and emotional mastery. a) -confidence b) Self Self - control c) Self - reliance d) Courage e) Determination 4. MENTAL / MENTAL HEALTH DEVELOPMENT Through participation in Physical Education activities, the individual develops his mental capacities as he / she learns the mechanical principles of underlying movements, as they obtain knowledge and understanding of the rules and strategies of the games and sports. Knowledge - it enhances critical thinking on how activities are done according to rules, regulations and strategies. Physical Fitness - improves and maintains the workload of the individual without staggering and undue fatigue after which have time or energy to meet someone more emergencies in life. Social - to understand oneself; to get along with others for effective living. Motor Skills - it is the learning of the fundamental skills necessary for participation in sports and games. Aesthetic - relating or responsive to or appreciate of what is pleasurable to the senses. Nationalism - preservation of cultural heritage through revival of indigenous games, dances and sports. Conservation of natural environment such as protection of forest and aquatic resources. FUNDAMENTALS OF GAMES & SPORTS classification of games & sports 1. Games - Indoor games - outdoor games 2. sports - Individual Sports - dual sports - team sports COMMON GAMES CAN BE GROUPED INTO FIVE, NAMELY INVASION GAMES - team games in which the purpose is to invade the opponent's territory while trying to score points and keeping the opposing team's points to a minimum and all within a defined time period. STRIKING / FIELDING GAMES - activities in which players score points by striking an object and running to designated playing areas or prevent opponents from scoring by retrieving the object and returning it to stop the play. TARGET GAMES - activities which players send an object toward a target while avoiding any obstacles. NET GAMES - a net is a standard part of the game, especially where the net separates the opponents. E - GAMES - a generic term for any amusement or recreation using a stand - alone video game, desktop computer, mobile phones online or offline games that can be played by one or more players. FILIPINO TRADITIONAL GAMES In the Philippines due to limited resources of toys of Filipino children, they usually come up on inventing games without the need of anything but the players themselves. "LARO NG LAHI" is the Filipino generic term for all forms of recreational play. Filipinos say "Laro tayo" meaning Let’s play whether they wish to play for fun without concern for consequences or engage in a highly competitive contest. BADMINTON Badminton is a court game that can be played either singles or doubles by men, women or mixed pairs, either indoors or on outdoor courts, as a fun game or at a highly competitive level. History and Origin of Badminton Badminton originated from the ancient civilizations of Europe and England Asia. Badminton is an ancient game known as Battledore (bat or paddle) and Shuttlecock probably originated more than 2000 years ago. Contemporary Badminton In the 1800s, in India, a contemporary form of badminton- a game called Poona, was played where a new was introduced and players hit the shuttlecock across the net. British officers in the mid 1800’s took this game back to England, and was introduced as a game for the guests of the Duke of Beaufort at his stately home ‘Badminton’ in Gloucestershire, England where it became popular. In March 1898, the first Open Tournament was held at Guildford. Then, the first ‘All England’ Championships were held the following year. Denmark, USA and Canada became ardent followers of the game during the 1930s. IBF Established in 1934 In 1934, the International Badminton Federation was formed, with the initial members including England, Wales, Ireland, Scotland, Denmark, Holland, Canada, New Zealand and France. India joined as an affiliate in 1936. The first major IBF tournament was the Thomas Cup (the world men’s team championships) in 1948. Since then, the number of world events has increased with the addition of the Uber Cup (women’s team). World Championships (individual events), Sudirman Cup (mixed team), World Junior Championships and the World Graind Prix Finals. Olympics Games Sport – 1992 Badminton was a demonstration sport in Munich in 1972. Then, in 1992, Badminton became an Olympic sport in Barcelona, Spain, with the introduction of singles and doubles disciplines. In Atlanta in 1996, Badminton was included and as the only mixed doubles event in all of the Olympic sports. Indeed, Badminton is a relatively new Olympic Games sport.Only five countries have won the gold medals since its introduction in 1992- China (8), Indonesia (5), Korea (5), Malaysia (4), and Denmark (1). A. FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENTS 1. Racket  Quite light and can be made of wood, aluminum, metal or synthetic materials  Weighs roughly 98-100 grams (31/12 oz.), and is 68 cm. in length The section of the Badminton Racket: a. Stringed area- intended to hit the shuttle b. Head- bounds the stinged area c. Throat- connects the shaft to the head d. Shaft- connects the handle to the head e. Handle- intended for a player’s grip 2. Shuttlecock  Official name given to the shuttle or bird  Made up of 16 feathers and is firmly fixed in a leather covered cork head  Weighs from 4.74-5.50g (75-85 grains)  Can be made of feathers, plastic or nylon 3. Court  Can be set outdoors, competitive badminton is generally played indoor where the wind and other elements will not affect the shuttle  The official badminton court is 20ft. wide while the singles court is 17ft. wide  Backcourt is also called the rear court  Baseline is also called the side line  Long service line, in singles, the back boundary line (baseline); in doubles, the line 2 1⁄2 ft. inside the back boundary line. Any serve landing behind this line is out.  Service court, area into where the service must be done  Short service line, a serve must land on or behind it to be legal 4. Posts  Must stand 1.55m (5ft. 1in.) in height from the surface of the court  Must be placed on the double sidelines  There should be no gap between the post and the net through which a shuttle could pass FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS AND DRILLS A good badminton game starts with how you hold your racket which is the most important fundamental step. A good grip on badminton rackets can reduce injuries, increase the range of shots and produces more efficient hits. A player may get carried away with the game that the first essential thing to do is forgotten hence results in poor performance and multiple mistakes during game. Incorrect grip will limit the range of strokes required in a dynamic badminton game. GRIP- Badminton is a very important sport that is quite different from other racket games like tennis or table tennis. A wrist snap is very important for proper play so the grip must be held in such a way that the greatest amount of wrist action is possible. KINDS OF GRIP: 1. Forehand Grip- This is popularly called the handshake grip for it means the palm to be parallel to the face of the racket. Guidelines to Insure a Proper Forehand Grip: a. Grasp the handle while the racket is at right angle to the ground. b. Wrap the thumb around the inside of the hands. c. Close the hand around the handle and spread fingers slightly. d. Make a “V” with thumb and forefinger exactly on top of the handle. e. Relax hand until grip feels comfortable. f. Wrist should be free to swing the racket easily. 2. Backhand Grip- This slightly modified version of the forehand grip. It can be varied depending on the type of shot being hit. Guidelines to Insure a Proper Backhand Grip: a. Begin with a forehand grip, turn your hand one level (slant or inclination) in the direction that will place more of the thumb behind the wide back surface. b. Place the inside edge of the thumb on the narrow level at the top back of the grip when hitting returns. c. Place the thumb print on the wide back surface of the grip when making net shot or front court or when executing the short backhand service BASIC SHOTS AND DRILLS Knowing the basic strokes and techniques in Badminton are the very first things that a player should learn in order for him to become skilled in this field. Once he mastered these skills, he can move to the next level of learning and developing new techniques to improve his skills, and may become a professional player in the future. A. The Drop Shot The drop shot is usually played with an overhead stroke, so that shuttle passes over the net as close as possible to the net cord, and lands in the forecourt. A drop shot can be aimed at either corner of the forecourt and can be hit with a sidearm stroke, or with an underhand stroke. The drop shot is used to draw an opponent toward the net from the backcourt, or to move the opponent from corner to corner. The success of a drop shot depends upon the pace of the shuttle, the ability of the player to set a deceptive picture of the nature of the shot to be played, and the position of the opponent. If properly played, the opponent is left with few choices, all of which cause the shuttle to be hit upward. The forehand overhead drop shot is stroked exactly like the, with the exception that contact with the shuttle is made in front of the shoulder at approximately 45 degrees so that the shuttle is directed downward. The pace of the shot is controlled by reducing the racked head speed. The backhand overhead drop shot is stroked just like the clear with the same exceptions as the forehand. B. The Drive The drive is a shot that is stroked with a sidearm motion, so that the shuttle passes over the net as close to the net cord as possible, parallel to the sidelines and to the floor. The drive can be used when an opponent is well to one side of the court in doubles when it can be hit just beyond the net payer and not quite so far as the opponent in the back court. Usually, the drive is hit parallel to the sideline rather than cross-court, because cross-court shots take longer to cross the court, giving the opponent time to intercept the shot, and make another shot. A drive can be used advantageously in doubles, either crosscourt if it is aimed to go between the opponents, or parallel to the sideline, if it is aimed to go between the opponents. The forehand and backhand drives are stroked from the basic positions with, as stated earlier, a sidearm motion with the racket face perpendicular to the flight of the shuttle. The pace of the shot, again, is controlled by the racket head speed. If contract with the shuttle will be made below the level of the net cord, the racket face will be slightly open so that the resulting flight of the shuttle will carry it over the net. C. The Smash The smash is the main point-getting shot in the game. Usually, it is hit with an overhead stroke and is hit as hard as and as a sharp angle as possible. The angle available to the player depends upon the height of the shuttle and its closeness to the net. The forehand and backhand smash are hit the same, as all overhead racket speed as possible. The angle of the racket head is approximately 45 degrees, with the perpendicular and in front of the racket (dominant) side shoulder. More experienced player jumps to execute the smash, especially on the forehand. This enables them to contact the shuttle at a greater height which permits a sharper downward angle to the shot, than if they are to remain on the floor during the execution of the shot. D. Clear A clear shot can be used defensively or offensively. A defensive clean can be used (a) to gain time to get back in position to continue play, (b) when an opponent cannot plan an effective return from such a long shot, (c) when a more effective stroke cannot be played, and (d) when one is parrying with an opponent to find an opening. While the attacking clear is used when the opponent is (a) out of position (away from center of the court on (away from center of the court position), or (b) moving toward the net. The trajectory of the defensive clear is high and deep, so the peak of the shuttle’s flight is as close as possible to the baseline and falls straight down. The trajectory of the attacking clear is flatter and the shuttle moves faster. The player should aim the shot, so the shuttle passes just high enough over the opponent’s head, that recovery is difficult, even by jumping. E. Footwork In normal playing conditions the shuttle is seldom hit when a player is standing. Therefore, one has to get himself in a position to strike the shuttle well. This is especially true in singles, where one has to move from a center-of-the-court position (sometimes called home base), to each of the four corners, and return to the basic footwork necessarily, move horizontally to the forehand and backhand sides, to the forehand and backhand corners of the forecourt, and to the deep forehand and backhand corners. To move from the center-of-the-court position to the forehand sideline, the player should: 1. take a short step with the racket foot toward the same sideline as you put it down; 2. take a cross-over step with the off-racket foot, putting the body in the hitting position; 3. make a simulated stroke; 4. after stroking, push off with the off-racket foot and return to the original position. To move from the center-of-the-court position to the Backhand, the player should: 1. take a short step with the off-racket foot toward, the same sideline, pointing the toe a) toward, the sideline as one put, it down; 2. take a cross-over step with the racket foot, putting the body in a hitting position; 3. make a simulated stroke 4. push off with the racket foot and return to the original position. To move from the center-of-the-court position to the Forecourt Forehand Corner, the player should: 1. take a short step forward with the racket foot toward the corner; 2. cross-over with the off-racket foot in the same direction, placing that foot on or about the short service line; 3. bring the racket foot forward and plant it in a position to support the player’s weight while extending the racket forward. 4. make a simulated stroke; 5. push off with the front foot and return to central location. To move from the center-of-the-court position to the Backhand Forecourt Corner, the player should: 1. cross-over the off-racket foot with the racket foot in the direction of the corner; 2. step in the direction of the corner with the off- racket foot, and place that foot on or about the short service line; 3. step with the racket foot toward the corner, finishing in a lunge position; 4. make a simulated stroke, then push off with the racket foot and return to the original position. To move from center-of-the-court position to the deep forehand corner, the player should: 1. pivot on the ball of the off-racket foot and step in the direction of the back corner with the racket foot; 2. continue to the back corner by bringing the off- racket foot to the racket foot; 3. continue this process until the racket foot is in the back alley, close to the baseline; 4. make a simulated stroke; 5. return to the center-of-the-court position with short running steps beginning with the racket foot. In moving from the center of the court position to the deep backhand corner, the player should: 1. pivot on the ball of the racket foot and step towards the corner with the off-racket foot; 2. continue to the back corner by bringing the racket foot to the off-racket foot; 3. continue this process until the off-racket foot is in the alley close to the baseline; 4. make a simulated stroke; 5. return to the center-of-the-court position with short running steps beginning with the off-racket foot. The importance of the footwork drills cannot be emphasized enough. Strokes cannot be produced well if the body not in a positive condition, is to be able to move the feet into the proper position. As skill increases, the movement patterns can be modified (for example, hitting from an open position). But a beginner is much better off staying with the basics. BADMINTON STRATEGIES A player uses strategies in a deliberate way, either to win a point or to obtain the right to serve. Strategy begins, perhaps, with a toss. Depending upon the environment (say, if windows at one end of the floor affect the visibility of the shuttle), the winner of the toss may elect to choose the ends of the court on which to begin plays, rather than elect to serve, even though points can be scored only while serving. For strategies to be effective, the player must know the position of the opponent (s) in the court as well as the player’s or team’s weaknesses. Some weaknesses, such as the inability to clear from the deep backhand corner, are common to most players. Other weaknesses, such as inability to move backward to return a deep serve or a flick serve, are more individualized. Singles Play Singles play is a competition that pits the endurance, skill, finesse, competitiveness, and deceptiveness of one player against the same qualities of another. It is a game of deep clears, close drop shots, subtle net play and when possible, point-winning smashes. A play should keep in mind several fundamental principles while playing singles: 1. Try to maintain the center-of-the-court position. 2. Move to the shuttle as quickly as possible from the center-of-the-court position. 3. Try to look at the shuttle and strike it in the middle of the racket at the highest point possible. 4. Strike the shuttle as soon as possible. 5. Try to return to the center of the court position before the opponent play the return shot. 6. If getting to the center of the court position is not possible, stop while an opponent plays the shot so that the opponent cannot take advantage of one’s movement. 7. Play the correct stroke. To do that, a player must have command of all the strokes. This is accomplished by setting goals for each practice period. Each player has a center-of-the-court position, approximately 4.5’ to 5’ from the short service line. This position is at the bisection of a line drawn from the right and left singles sideline at the net to the bisection of the left and right singles sideline, and the baseline. The object of the game is to try to keep the shuttle in play as much as possible without making unforced errors, while wearing out the opponent. This is accomplished by controlling the center-of-the-court position as much as possible. At times, because of the strategies involved in winning a point, a player will not return to the center-of- the-court position.