Physical Science Reviewer: Part 1, Exams of Science education

Download Physical Science Reviewer: Part 1 and more Exams Science education in PDF only on Docsity! Physical Science Reviewer: Part 1 1 / 14 1. Astronomy Science of the universe outside the planet. 2. Gnomon Primitive version of sundial that observes the motion of the sun. 3. Summer Solstice Where the longest day of the year occurs (around June 21) 4. Winter Solstice Where the shortest day of the year occurs (around De- cember 21) 5. Distance be- tween Earth and Moon. 6. Earth's orbit around the Sun is slightly elliptical. 384,000 kilometers This means that the Sun travels across the sky at slightly different speeds from day to day depending upon where Earth is in its orbit. 7. Ecliptic The path the Sun appears to take around the celestial sphere each year 8. Moon Also called a satellite, a relatively small object that is orbiting around a planet. 9. Gibbous Moon This appearance is popularly called "the old moon in the new moon's arms." 10. Waxing Gibbous Phase The moon progresses through its waxing gibbous phase, where more and more of the sunlit part is exposed to us. 11. New Moon It appears only when the moon is on the side of the earth most directly in line with the sun. There is no illumination on the earth's side. 12. First Quarter (Moon Phase) Physical Science Reviewer: Part 1 2 / 14 13. Full Moon Half the side of the moon facing the earth appears illumi- nated. Physical Science Reviewer: Part 1 5 / 14 The second planet from the sun, shines brightly and is easily visible near the sun at sunrise or sunset. 25. Mars The red planet resembles Earth with similar day- night cycles. Its diverse landscape includes craters, ridges, lava flows, and water-carved regions. 26. Jupiter A massive gas giant shrouded in thick clouds, conceals its surface. 27. Saturn It is brighter than all but two stars and is second among the planets in mass and size. 28. Vertical Motion It is also known as natural motion. 29. Aristotle Who believed that the projectile motion of an object is parallel to the ground until it is the object's time to fall back into the ground. 30. Galileo He was credited for quantifying the "rate of fall" by mea- surement of distance and time and plotting it graphically. 31. Projectile Motion Aristotle viewed this motion as a natural and violent mo- tion. He said that heavy objects fall faster than light ones. 32. Natural Motion the object will move and will return to its natural state based on the material or composition. 33. Violent Motion a motion that is caused by pushing or pulling. 34. Motion is the action of changing location or position. 35. Copernicus, Bra- he, Kepler Astronomers who made contributions to the study of heav- enly bodies from 1400 to the time of Galileo Galilei 36. Tri alpha process This is how three Helium-4 is converted into Carbon in red 37. Big bang nucle- osynthesis Physical Science Reviewer: Part 1 6 / 14 giant star Process wherein light elements such as Helium and Hy- drogen form. Physical Science Reviewer: Part 1 7 / 14 38. CNO cycle Nuclear fusion reaction where Hydrogen is converted to Helium 39. Neutron capture Addition of neutron to form heavier nuclei 40. Proton-Proton Chain This happens in massive star which convert Hydrogen into Helium. 41. R- process There is faster rate of capturing neutron before it under- goes radioactive decay 42. S- process Happens when there is a slow rate of capturing neutron while there is a faster rate of radioactive decay. 43. Stellar Nucle- osynthesis Process by which elements are created within the star. 44. Supernova Nu- cleosynthesis A process where elements heavier than Iron are formed. 45. Alpha ladder process Nuclear fusion that happens in red supergiant star and creates more heavy elements until Iron. 46. Nuclear Fusion Process where star's energy is produced 47. White dwarf If the sun reaches the end of red giant phase, it will evolve into a 48. Red supergiant A category which includes the largest stars in the universe. 49. Hydrogen and Helium Major components of a star 50. Nebula The first stage of a star's life cycle. 51. Carbon In a main sequence star, Hydrogen atoms fuse to form Helium. Helium is then converted into 52. Helium Physical Science Reviewer: Part 1 10 / 14 64. Stellar nucle- osynthesis The process in which elements are formed at the center of a star. 65. Supernova Nu- cleosynthesis Elements heavier than Iron are formed through. 66. Oxygen The element that is formed when Carbon atom is com- bined with Helium atom. 67. Main sequence star Phase of our sun in its life cycle. 68. Supernova Stage do massive stars explode and release large amount of energy 69. Three types of Intermolecular Forces (IMF) - Van der Waals Forces - Ion-dipole - Interaction H-bonding 70. Dispersion Forces (London Dispersion Forces) Named after the German physicist Fritz London (1900-1954). 71. Ion-dipole Inter- action The attraction is either between cation (+) or anion (-) with permanent polar molecules. 72. H-bonding - a special type of dipole-dipole interaction between the H-atoms in a polar bond. - The H-atoms in the molecules must be bonded with more electronegative atoms (O,N,F) to form with other molecules. 73. Atoms Are held together in molecule by strong intermolecular forces such as covalent and ionic bonds. 74. Cation Positively charged ions Physical Science Reviewer: Part 1 11 / 14 75. Anion Negatively charged ions Physical Science Reviewer: Part 1 12 / 14 76. Dipole Substance with negative and positive ends 77. Surface Tension This is the amount of energy required to stretch the sur- face area of liquids (e.g.,1 cm2). 78. Capillary Action It is the ability of liquid molecules to move against gravity. 79. Cohesion Intermolecular attraction between molecules. 80. Adhesion An attraction between unlike molecules. 81. Viscosity This is a measure of a liquid's resistance to flow. 82. Boiling point It depends on the equilibrium vapor pressure exerted by the liquid or solid above the liquid or the solid. 83. Solubility It is the ability of a substance (solid, liquid, or gas) to dissolve in a given substance (solid, liquid, or gas). 84. Revolution Earth does this around the sun once a year. 85. Sunspot Dark region of the Sun due to lower temperature. 86. Eclipse an obscuring of the light from one celestial body by the passage of another between it and the observer or be- tween it and its source of illumination 87. Three laws of planetary motion Are three scientific laws describing the motion of planets around the Sun, by Johannes Kepler 88. Circumference The perimeter of a circle or ellipse. 89. Oblate spheroid It is the shape of the Earth and some other planets. It is like a sphere squashed from the top so the diameter from pole to pole is less than the diameter from equator to equator.