Historical Timeline of Political and Artistic Milestones in Europe and the Americas, Essays (high school) of Religion

Download Historical Timeline of Political and Artistic Milestones in Europe and the Americas and more Essays (high school) Religion in PDF only on Docsity! TIMELINE 1759 The Enlightenment philosopher François-Marie Arouet, also known as Voltaire, publishes Candide, a satire critical of French institutions of his day, including the catholic church, govern- ment, and military. Voltaire is known for his writ- ings in defense of civil liberties. 1762 Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Social Contract is pub- lished, inspiring political reforms, especially in France. The publication states, “The legislative power belongs to the people, and can belong to it alone.” It rejects the belief that the king is appointed by divine powers. 1789 The French Revolution begins with the storming of the bastille. church property is nationalized. George Washington is inaugurated as the first president of the united States. 1792 The First Republic of France is declared. 1793 The guillotine is invented and introduced as a humane form of execution. Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette are executed during the Reign of Terror. Jean-Paul Marat is murdered. 1798 General napoleon bonaparte invades Egypt and occupies the country until 1801. 1799 napoleon is established as First consul in Paris. Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes publishes a series of aquatints, titled Los Caprichos, that com- ment on the ills of Spanish society. Within weeks, they are withdrawn from public sale, and only a formal order from the king of Spain keeps Goya from being called before the Inquisition. 1804 napoleon is proclaimed emperor by the French Senate. during his coronation he takes the imperial crown from Pope Pius VII and places it on his own head. 1808 France occupies Spain; the Peninsular War begins. napoleon forces charles IV of Spain to abdicate the throne and installs his brother Joseph bonaparte as king of Spain. 1812 The united States declares war on britain. napoleon invades Russia. 1813 Prussia, Russia, Austria, Sweden, and britain defeat napoleonic forces in the battle of the nations. 1814 napoleon abdicates the throne and is banished to the island of Elba. 1815 napoleon escapes from Elba on February 26 and marches on Paris. In June, he is defeated at the battle of Waterloo in belgium, marking the end of the napoleonic Wars. The congress of Vienna restores legitimate monarchs in France, Spain, and Italy and reestablishes a balance of power in Europe. belgium is decreed part of the newly formed kingdom of the netherlands. About 1816–20 Goya creates Contemptuous of the Insults in Spain. 1818 chile declares independence from Spain after an eight-year revolt. Revolutions take place in Spain and Portugal. Liberia is founded to repatriate former American slaves to Africa. 1819 Spain cedes Florida to the united States. 1821 Mexico gains independence under the Treaty of cordoba. 1830 Revolution in Paris; Louis Philippe, “the citizen king,“ becomes king. 1831 belgium declares independence from the united kingdom of the netherlands, and the first belgian constitution is ratified. Leopold I is proclaimed king of belgium. 1833 The carlist civil Wars begin in Spain, primarily in basque Provinces. carlos V refuses to recognize Isabella, daughter of his brother Ferdinand VII, as successor to the Spanish throne. Rural guerilla followers of carlos V fight for the cause of the Spanish catholic tradition and against urban liberals to establish a rightful claim to the throne. 1847 karl Marx and Friedrich Engels join the first Marxist international organization, the communist League. 1848 The Revolution of 1848 begins in France. The Second Republic of France is established. James Marshall discovers gold at Sutter’s sawmill in coloma, california, in January. california becomes a u.S. holding with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the Mexican-American War. 1861 The American civil War begins. 1865 king Leopold II ascends to the throne in belgium. 1866 A new public works program begins in brussels. 1869 urban crowding is identified by the American physician George beard as a cause of neurasthenia. 1870 The democratic Third Republic of France is established following the collapse of the empire of napoleon III. cELEbRATIOn And SATIRE