Parliamentary Systems: Greek Crisis and Political Parties - Prof. Andrei Markovits, Study notes of Comparative Law and Politics

Download Parliamentary Systems: Greek Crisis and Political Parties - Prof. Andrei Markovits and more Study notes Comparative Law and Politics in PDF only on Docsity! Poly Sci 140 09/13/2011
Polyarchy – Disclosure of Empathy
Feudalism – land based personalistic relationship; system of land tenure and personal total relationships in which land was held in fief by vassals from lords to whom these vassals owe specific services, and with whom they are in a bond of personal loyalty

Mafia – People’s reaction to the Italian state-building process. Mafia is very feudal in nature.

What does Feudalism look like?


King (Holy Roman Emperor)



Aristocracy/Nobles

In Britain and France, the center (kings) wins (over the nobles).  They subdue the aristocracy, creating a permanent capital  Powerful central authority  Leads to the early rise of the nation-state  SNP – Scottish National Party o Still resistance to British rule to this day

In Germany, Italy, and Japan, the Lords win over the King  In Japan the lords are called shoguns  Primogeniture (when your offspring become a monarch also).  After emperor died, they’d elect the least threatening  In the 20th century all 3 countries create fascism

Another Battle at this time: The battle against the church  The church compels the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire to be a vassal to the church  Ultimately the kings (secular forces) win out.

Land acquired through war, marriage.  Land is crucial

Not coincidence that Martin Lurther nails his protests to the church just 20 years after the discovery of the New World  Leads to 200 years of war o 7 years war o Britain, Prussia, vs. Austria, France

2 Estates:  Nobles o What are you obeying? – The person best able to relate to the people o How is it passed down? It can’t be. o Who makes up the staff? Followers o How are the staff paid? Communal existence o What’s the role of seizing power of money? Born with charisma, followers get economic advantage.  Traditional Authority o Based on non-separation of private and public o Is in the family o Is in the private o Traditional and charismatic clash often o Feudalism, very regulated, monopolies o What are you obeying? –the chief figure (highest position) o How is it passed down? Precidence, this is how it’s always been done o Who makes up the staff? People with personal connections to the leader o How are the staff paid? Favors, support o Whats the role of seizing money? Decided by leader

Calculability – In a modern entity, rules can’t be whimsical, they must be calculable

Stockholm Syndrome – Sometimes illegitimate power and turn into legitimate power Discussion 09/13/2011
Main points covered in lecture:  Parliamentary vs Presidential systems o In a parliamentary system, there are 2 things that can result in wild swings in the number of terms a prime minister has.  Votes of no confidence “a confidence vote” can arise within the legislature and essentially kick out the prime minister  The prime minister can attach a vote of confidence to a bill that he supports, but is unpopular. If the bill doesn’t pass, he’s voted out.  The Prime Minister can also dissolve Parliament and have new elections  The idea of fixed terms doesn’t exist in Parliamentary systems  Rarely does the prime minister dissolve parliament or use confidence votes, it’s just there for checks and balances o In presidential systems impeachments rarely happen, being a big difference between the 2 systems  Private vs. Public sphere (pattern variables)  Transition from monarchy to polyarchy o Initially you have kings and king’s cabinet o In England, you had the king, the cabinet, and the group of nobles
Parliamentary system
Executive Legislature
King Nobles Cabinet -> moves to nobles

King gradually loses power, becomes “head of state” while prime minister is head of government.  In some systems, there’s a president who is head of state, and a prime minister who is head of government  Usually it’s “her majesty the queen,” but they just cut ribbons.

In parliamentary systems, it’s a fusion of executive and legislative power  Prime minister is the head of the largest party of the legislature
 Basics of state-building
 They are modern entities  They arise from oligarchy (top left of the box) from factions  USA and Great Britain first to have political parties o USA – Federalists, led by Alexandre Hamilton o USA – Jeffersonians (Democratic Republicans), led by Thomas Jefferson o Britain – Whigs, Liberals (urban industrial owners, urban based, more for the freedom of the individual). Classical European liberals. o Britain – Tories, more “conservative,” royalist, pro-tariff, pro- family  In the business of competing for the vote

American Liberals – high “Distributive Justice,” Individual Freedom

Parties arise from major issues that divide people  Factions turn into parties because parties are in the business of getting people elected  Parties gain their legitimacy from the populous (the vote)  Parties are the link between society and the state (linkage institution)

Old Parties – Internal Parties, grow with the legislature
New Parties – External Parties, for an interest, create a link to the state

All modern politics, the higher ranking you are, the more of it is a vocation instead of an advocation, in terms of their sociological makeup, it is mainly male and the higher you go, the more powerful they are

Party topography in any society depends on 2 factors  On the conflict lines at a particular time. What divides people? o Ie. Germany “Pirate Party,” represent the internet, pro internet freedom

Center Periphery
State/Church Division (religion secular parties)
Land – Industry – Conflict between landed interests (aristocrats) who wanted tariffs and industrialists who wanted free market
Owner – Worker – Most countries have large labor parties, America and South Africa are the only advanced industrial democracies.

Large Parties must catch all these cleavages. “A little of this, a little of that”
New issues arise without the old issues being totally resolved.

How to create a thesis:  Choose a side  State your argument  Put it at the end of your introduction

Parliamentary systems are far superior to presidential systems in their representation of the wills of the citizens because of proportional elections, the ease of removal of public representatives from office, and greater speed of creating and passing policy.

A presidential system reflects the desires of the people the best because of a more defined separation of power, a more diligent and reflective legislative process, and regularly held elections.

The Parliamentary system represents the will of the citizens better because it allows for legislation to be passed easier than a presidential system due to the fact that the executive branch is dependent on the direct or indirect support of the legislative branch. The ease of removal from office, coupled with proportional elections which allow for minority parties to be better represented by their legislatures
 England (80% of population)  Queen of England  Scotland  Wales Britain – England, Scotland, Wales Still separate:  Ie. Scotland wants to charge more money for English people to study at their universities. Northern Ireland:  6 Lilster Provinces in the UK  3 in the Republic of Ireland

Britain is the ideal typical polyarchy  Best democracy one can think of  Democracies need not behave kindly abroad.

17th century rise of parliament
18th century rise of parties

Britain is .2% of the total global landmass
Pax Britanica: British Peace, lasting until WW1  Roughly a 1/3 of the landmass of the world was British (during 19th century)  Legacy: Parliament, English Language, etc

Britain is an island:  Therefore it had the luxury of modernizing, and work out their internal conflicts without the threat of external invasion.  Last time they were invaded was in 1066  English Language: Merger of Latin and Germanic

Britain develops very early:  Early on Britain develops a center in London (War of the Roses Era).  Because of it’s distance from other major powers, it resolves the church-state conflict very conveniently. o Under Henry VIII, the church becomes part of the state  It resolves early-on the growth of independent parliament.

Britain moves from closed-hegemony to oligarchy to polyarchy.  Parliament becomes more powerful then the king  Under George I, who couldn’t speak English, the prime minister gained power  1832 – First reform act allowed many members of the middle class to vote, about 7% of the male 20+ age population o First redistricting, first census, it matters how many people are in each district  1867 – Second reform act extends the vote to 16% of the male population over 20, and enfranchises the artisanry  1884 – Extension of the vote of 28% of those over 20. Enfranchises the rural workers  1918 – 78% of those over 20 could vote. o Women could vote over the age of 30 o Men over the age of 21  1928 – Women could now vote at over the age of 21  1970 – Voting act extended to all British subjects over the age of eighteen.

The move to increase inclusiveness is very gradual.  The rules of the game work out as it goes along o What does this mean? Britain doesn’t have a written Constitution. o The Constitution is all acts of Parliament and royal decrees. o It doesn’t have a Constitution because it evolved gradually. o It develops because very early on, in the 17th and 18th centuries, the urban middle class succeeds in imposing it’s culture on the aristocracy.  The aristocracy becomes businessmen, they are commercialized o Britain urbanizes very quickly, and creates very early industrialization.  Britain benefits from it’s industrial products that it can export to the world, but it also imports it’s raw materials cheaply. o Is basically the winner in the world for 200 years.  The destruction of the agricultural feudal world

Key Concepts in British Politics:  The Constitution is used in parlance but it doesn’t exist on paper. o They are much more underfunded

Discussion:
3 paths to modernity:
Democracy  Burguazee Revolution
Facism  Conservative revolution from above
Communist  Proletariat revolution

What are conditions to democracy path:  Royal/Noble balance  Commercial Farming o Creating links between the industrialists in the town  Ie. Textile industry and large sheep farmers  Bourgeoisie and Nobility linked because of commercial farming  Together they have the power to overrun the royalty  To obtain a share for the underlying population in the making of rules  Britain 09/13/2011
1974 – No British party in majority, famous 2 party system ended

Class still most important political existence in 1980s  Labour party had an enormous majority of voters who were white males (80% of labour party votes)  If you were a professional, business owner, not a manual worker, the probability of you voting conservative was very high
Region not as important as class, but still matters  Scotland and Wales were disproportionately labour  Labour or liberal
Religion even less important  If you were Catholic outside of northern Ireland or a Jewish person you typically voted liberal or labour.
Age  Old age is the only powerful bearing  Disproportionately conservative (tori)
Gender  Before the “cloth cap,” women voted disproportionately conservative.
In the 60s and 70s, the 2 big parties pull more than 90% of the votes  Since then, this number has decreased significantly o A constant decomposition of party allegiance since the 1970s o The “secularization” of British politics o Class no longer as important  Party strength in general has decreased  Social composition of Parliamentary membership of these parties hasn’t changed much. (Tori’s) o 2/3s of members went to British public schools o Half of the tori MPs had attended Oxford and Cambridge o A very clear political class o This hasn’t changed much since the 1970s, the political class stays absolutely elite.  Labour party: 1/5 went to public schools o Only ½ of the labour MPs attended university o Very small amount went to Oxford and Cambridge o In 1970s had 56 professors and university lecturers in parliament, the Toris had 7. o Very few manual workers

At top left of Dahl’s rectangle: Toris and Whigs emerged in 19th century  Tori’s turn into conservatives o Unlike American conservatives, the tori’s always had a noblesque-oblige notion to them o They wanted to the market to be controlled, for the lower class to get some welfare. o Modern-welfare state is the brainchild of 2 conservatives. o They welcomed it as a form of charity o Winston Churchill – famous conservative  Right when he defeated Germany, he was voted out of office by a landslide  Labour party was anti-capitalism, pro industrialization o Must be corrected by power, through a right

Unitary Centralized system: All power comes from London  London said there would be national health care, and it was done.  States in US are taking up litigation against it be cause it doesn’t view it as fair

Supreme Court in UK cannot declare acts of Parliament unconstitutional Why did the labour party form in the UK?  Owners and workers interested in success of industrialization
Germany
Weimar Republic:  Top right of Dahl’s rectangle  Moved to bottom right of the rectangle under facism

Facism is not an option in advanced – industrial word  Still alive in other places

October 3, 1990: German question finally resolved  Germany is clearly defined  At peace with itself and others
1. State vs. Church  Germany vs. Catholic church  Deep conflict with church, very important 2. Had to defend western Christianity  Against orthodox Christianity & rise of Islam
3. Because of Church vs State & battle w/ other religious, German religion develops  Lutheranism
*Strong political force

30 Year War:  Protestant vs Catholics  Reduces Germany’s population by half  Weakens Germany even further

Prussia – Protestant
Austria - Catholic

Prussia defeats Austria, begins state building  State-run elementary system  Compulsory literacy  Modern taxation system

1871 – Now there is 1 Germany
1900 – Germany surpasses UK in coal and steal production

Provisions under the Constitution of the Weimar Republic:  Borrows Parliamentary system from the UK  Proportional Representation  1% cut off  US style President  Inclusiveness of France  It does so because conservative and establishment elites support it because they (the industrialists) know they will be given monopolies  The industry didn’t like the fragmentation.  Without the threat of communism, fascism doesn’t come to power.

All of the other countries hope that Hitler will be the strong man who beats back communism.

President Hindenberg tries to avoid appointing Hitler chancellor, even though he is from the largest party. They then appoint him chancellor because they had to.  The Nazi’s come to power knowing they are not going to relinquish it.  They come to power completely constitutionally.

Under the Nazis, labor unions are immediately declared illegal.  All counter-veiling independent interest groups declared illegal.  A majority of the German people never elected the Nazi’s to power. o It was a plurality, not a majority. (37.4% being the highest)  The first concentration camps came quickly o They stole the idea from the British, which they used in the Boer War in South Africa  In a matter of 5 years, the state becomes totalitarian. o This is a re-feudalization of society.  The elimination of any kind of rival public institution.  The private and the public are identical, controlled by the party.

Hitler dissolves the SA in 1934 and is replaced by the SS, which had a completely different mandate.  It was the “elite” of this racial state, you had to show purity of blood (no jewish or negro blood).  You were the party’s “essence.”  The most telling, most powerful data ever was that 1/3 of the SS from 1934 to 1939 had Doctorates.  The universities were the Bastogne’s of national socialism.

In 1935 the Nuremberg laws were passed – citizenship decided by racial purity.  The Nazi’s had a system of racial categories, with Nordic being the most prestigious, followed by Latin, then Slavs, then Africans, then the Jews.

In 1936 they re-occupied the Rhineland, in 1937 Germany reoccupies Austria.  History not decided on whether Austria was willing or not.

In 1939 at the beginning of WW2, Nazi-Germany creates full employment, builds the first highway system in the world (the autobahn).  Hitler decides that in 10 years every person should have a car, a Volkswagen.

The Regime’s real outlier, the holocaust and the final solution.  There was 200 years of brutal anti-Semitism in Europe.  Hitler’s anti-Semitism comes from the deep seeded European ones.  Jews seen as the “worst” other.  Holocaust is the merger of perfect modernity and hatred and domination.

On Nov 9th 1918, The Kaiser steps down and the German Weimar begins
On Nov 9th 1923, Hitler attempts his first coup
On Nov 9th 1938,
On Nov 9th 1989

First the Nazi’s take away the Jew’s political rights, then their economic rights, then their social rights.  Lastly, their physical rights.

After occupying Poland, Hitler wants to finally “deal with the Jews”  Highly trained German engineers have to come up with a solution to murder people as efficiently as possible.  Holocaust is a highly modern phenomenon. o They decide bullets aren’t efficient. o It’s a completely industrial process.  Nazi primary goal at the end of the war was to create a Jew free Europe.  Because of the threat of a challenge, Hitler eliminates the old Prussian aristocrats.

After WW2, they didn’t want to repeat a single thing from post WW1 1. Germany had to be occupied 2. Germany could never have an aristocrat order again 3. They needed a new formation. i. East Germany – German Democratic Republic  States have all power except that of taxation  States are represented federally by Bundestag  The states have to vote on block, members cannot vote alone, forces compromise  Not as powerful as US Senate but is still very important

656 members, largest parliament in the world  Elected every 4 year terms, forms the government  The German attempt at government is based on compromise  Allows parties and individuals to flourish  5% cut off clause, without this 5% the party loses their vote. o Makes it so that radical parties don’t have much say  Individualism does matter, if party wins 3 direct votes then 5% cut off clause is done  Federal President is elected by federal council  It is a figurehead – federal president has no political power

Bundesbank, live federal reserve, independent of Parliament and seen as guardian of German Currency.

Federal-Constitutional Court, like Supreme Court, not the highest appeal court though.  Federal court has judicial review which means it can enter legislative process

Labor Unions are formed but represent one company/factory  There is anti-Weimar, anti-Nazi legislation

CDU combined catholic and protestant party with subsections  Leans conservative but is completely anti-facist  Led by Anaver and wants West Germany to become ally of the west

Lower House elected by direct election
Bundestag (Upper House) elected by states

3 Allies reconstructed the government after WW2 – Basic Law (1949)
09/13/2011
Germany Modern:

Proportional representation allows small parties great power

From 1998 to 2005 the CDU and greens created a coalition in Germany
The CDU and FDP don’t get along very well.

The SPD in 1959 renounces it’s Marxism, it goes from red to pink, and it becomes a large catch-all party

In wake of the 1968, the new left enters the discourse in all advance industrial democracies  Student revolts at all the major universities

In the 1970s there are peace movements, antinuclear movements. Nuclear power was THE case of the “enlightened” left.  This new counter-culture was very different from the established left  The “new left” had some relations to what was dear to the fascists, for example: the obsession with nature.  This obsessions with nature spawns a party – The Greens

The Greens (In Germany) are the most important party of this age.  Introduce the list principle, every list must be female-male-female- male  Women entered the Bundestag in suits, and the men had long beards  One guy said he was the representative of “toads and deer” in his district  The real power lies in the shogunate from 1603 to 1868 o The shogunate is a highly stratified caste system  Samurai is the warrior caste  Lords  Artisans  Peasantry  Japan established early on a set taxation system for the peasantry which is not adjusted for inflation. o The peasantry become wealthier then the Samurai and Artisans o This is a big problem, there shouldn’t be a difference between wealth and class
In 1635 Japan (the shogunate) introduces the exclusion laws.  This made Japan closed off from the rest of the world  These allow ships from only 3 nations into Nagasaki harbor, China, Korea, and the Dutch  It becomes an enclosed world, where politics and religion are separate
In 1832, Matthew Perry of the US Navy departs from Norfolk, VA with a letter from the President to Japan  Perry arrives in Japan with his “black ships” o To Japan, black ships always meet an intrusion  This is at the time when Britain, France, and Holland were exploring southeast asia  He makes it clear to the Japanese that the US is a serious challenge  This event leads to the toppling of the Shogunate in 1868  Leads to the Meiji restoration/reform/revolution/Coup  A group of Japanese modernizers unite the capital of spiritual and military national Japan. o This wasn’t a popular revolution o It was an intra-elite battle o It was a restoration because they were restoring the emperor as the be-all and end-all of all of Japanese politics
Japan completely modernizes  Their steel output rivals that of Britain by 1900  They create a navy that by 1905 is the 3rd largest in the world  The create a compulsory education system based off the Prussian model  They abolish the Samurai  They introduced a modern prescription army.  They import a modern sport – baseball  All of this is a state effort  This is so successful that by 1905 the Japanese Army and Japanese Navy absolutely destroys the much larger Russian Army and Navy. o This is a total shock in Europe o This is the first time since Genghis Kong’s army in the 13th century that a European power is beaten by a non-white power. o This catapults Japan into an international force in just 25 years o All of this is done, however with a highly developed culture, ethic, and logic o This is a world in which militarism, discipline, conquest, and superiority becomes the culture
Japanese feudalism does not end with the Meiji revolution in 1868. It is not over because the culture is still there, and this culture lasts until 1945

Discussion:
Discussion 09/13/2011
Fall of communism in East Germany:  Wall fell  Economy of Soviet Union was tanking  The economy in east German was bad compared to west Germany o To this day the East German provinces are poorer then the West German ones. o East Germany did not have developed infrastructure

Japanese connections with Germany:  Destroyed economy after WW2  Needed help to rebuild  The Allies and other countries assisted and funded the rebuilding process  They were trying to avoid another rise in an authoritarian regime through economic success

The companies that the US was bolstering began to overtake their American competitors in the 70s and 80s

Japan was the economy to be scared of in the 70s and 80s
In Japanese companies, you were an employee for life, when the economy went south, the government backed up your job  Not an activist, he spent his life analyzing and observing capitalism
Influences on Marx:  John Locke  Adam Smith  David Ricarcdo  Robert Marthus

What he read from them:
The centrality of:  The individual  Labor  Property

Marx learns about radical politics from Revolutionary France  Dialectics: o A view of a constant conflict in history  Everything that begins has a constant challenge  A thesis and antithesis combine to create a synthesis – where constant tension still exist  First great writing: “On the Jewish Question.” o The Jews were “emancipated to nothing”  They were emancipated to liberal democracy o Calls this the “materials of life”  Their work and labor creates their material existence o The Jews are still what they were before – money lenders, still apart. o Material conditions very important and defining existence:  2 Large Groups:  Those that own property (the means of production)  These people have power  These people do not want to yield their privilege  Those that do not o These people have no power  Those who have “urban skills” become more powerful  Those that own have the most power  Capitalism divided into 2 groups: o Capitalists o Proletariat
Capitalism is like no other: (Marx was completely correct – Markovits)  Achievement oriented  Technology oriented  It produces better  It’s more efficient o As a result – creates a terrible rat race o Japan – good example. Japan surpassed by a new, more efficient China.  Constant competition  Constant winner take-all  Capitalists compete against each other  Completely free and fair system

There is one good that is bought freely but sold for profit on the market – Labor Power  The difference is that it is in this context that the capitalist can and must exploit the worker for him to survive  Capitalism produces surplus value  People selling their labor is inherently a form of exploitation

Workers to Marx (Marxists) have nothing to do with being poor.  If you produce a table and sell it in the market, you own your own means of production.  If you sell your means of production, you become a laborer, and you are no longer in charge o NBA Players for example, are highly payed workers o They can’t play right now because of the NBA lockout, which is controlled by the capitalists  He who has the cheapest labor power is very value o The capitalist exploits not because he’s a bad guy, but because he has to. If he doesn’t, he’s crushed by his competitors.
Marx envisioned a world in which there will be an ever greater inmiseration of the proletariat.  The labor power (wages) keep going down  There will be an ever-growing concentration of wealthy capitalists Paper Topic 3 09/13/2011
Why fascism emerges? Why transition? How are they similar? Focus with Japan and Germany. You don’t have to agree with Markovits

National Characteristic: Is it Russia’s “Russian” characteristic that makes them communist? Do a group of people that acts a certain way in a certain area have to have a certain political system?

Professor Markovits has argued emphatically in class that there is no such thing as a national characteristic. In other words, he argued that people can have very different political regimes over a relatively short period of time. Germany and Japan have been ideal types in their being representatives of the fascist mode of modernization as described by Barrington Moore, Jr. and others. Yet, over the past six decades, they have become paragons of polyarchies. Please explain this seeming paradox in a cogent, well-written essay of 5-7 pages in length. 11/10/2011 Discussion:

Barrington Moore, Jr.:
Paths to revolution:

Bourgeois Revolution (Middle)
Fascist Revolution (top)
Peasant Revolution (bottom)
Discussion 09/13/2011
Interesting things about Soviet Union:  People couldn’t choose their own food or clothes  They were under a constant threat of danger, were producing in competition to the US.  Being in the military was prestigious – they were paid twice as much as engineers

The Kitchen Debates:  Classic debates about liberal democracy vs. communism by the two most powerful people in the world at the time.

Markovits – Gorbechev is in his top 5 political figures

Glasnosk - Openness both externally and internally, allowing for publications that question the status quo.
Perestroica – Restructuring: economic restructuring (privatization of nationalized industries, pulling back from the rigidity of the 5 year plans)
The two programs were to reform slowly.
Led to the collapse of the Soviet Union

May 1985 – St. Petersburg main square
Gorbechev went into politics while he questioned the system:  Millions lived in poverty while resources were poured into the arms race

Prague spring was a less for Gorbechov – reform must occur slowly
China 09/13/2011
China is the rising power of the 21st century  In our lifetime, US – China relations will define the world

China is a country in which communism died but the communist part is all-encompassing and the sole power.  Communist party is presiding over one of the most capitalist countries in the world

History:  China is perhaps the longest political uninterrupted rule (167BC – 1911) o Uninterrupted, uninvaded entity to itself  China is of course (the most important thing about it) is it’s Confucian thought.  Confucianism is a code of conduct which permeated all aspects of Chinese political and public life. o From Pre-Christian times to 1911  Confucianism has 5 sets of relationships o Father and son o Husband and wife o Elder and younger brother o Friends o Sovereign and ministers  Confucianism is egalitarian  Unlike feudal Europe, China was an achievement oriented culture o Birth did not de-facto stop you from advancing  Communist party engaged in a massive industrialization process from below  Belief that peasants could create a steel industry  Was inefficient  In China there was an obsession with Britain, just like with Stalin.  Realization by Mao that China more than Russia was a peasant society.  The Great Leap Forward leads to a rethinking and temporary cool down, followed in 1966 by the Cultural Revolution.  Cultural Revolution has a major effect on the West o Mao still has an immense legitamicy  He has maintained a form of allure – an idealistic revolutionary  During this period he becomes a global hero o Cultural Revolution was an attack on the party by unleashing youth and non-party elements o It became total anarchy, with very ugly scenes o Lots of casualities  The cultural revolution doesn’t come close to the horrors of Stalinism  In 1971 there’s a succession crisis o Lin Biao, Mao’s apparent successor, dies in a plane crash o Mao dies in 1976, and just like Lenin’s death and Stalin’s death  There is a struggle between those who want to maintain a revolutionary frenzy o Deng comes after Mao, “Mao was 70% correct, 30% wrong”

Mao was very anti-Soviet  Ruled by “fat cats”  Not on a Marxist path anymore  He saw the Soviet Union as worth of a nationalist challenge  As early as 1961 there is a “quiet war,” Mao links up with the United States, leads to the new war of China

The world after Mao’s death is the complete repudiation of him as a person, but it turns him into a God, similar to Lenin.

Biao introduces this idea that China had to become an economic superpower.  He harnesses the power of the communist party o It maintains political power “The perfect Perestroika” – the perfect restructuring (economically) o He introduces capitalism

A communist party which has a monopoly of power has no rival parties, no political contestation, but yet there is an immensely flourishing capitalism  Markovits – the most rapid creation of capitalism ever  Becomes the factory of the world o There is private property, capitalism, private ownership  It’s defended by the state 

Ping-Pong diplomacy  Henry Kissinger flew to China and met with Mao Zedong

China is largest population in the world  3rd largest in land o

Maoism India 09/13/2011
The British (the conquering power) established political institutions.  Those institutions are still present today
India splits in two (India, Pakistan)  Different economic systems, different political systems, but the same group of people o Leads to changing histories
India didn’t have much of a commercial agriculture movment

Nobility Caste Religion Language Middle Class/bourg Peasants

Who is the biggest component of Brazil and Germany entering the Security Council?  Brazil – Argentina  Germany – Italy/Spain/Poland  India – Pakistan

India’s Economy / Society:  India is like Brazil, cutting edge high tech immensely educated workforce. o Bangalore is the Indian silicon valley o Very advanced in production and science, not a developing country but a highly developed one o You still have a largely agriculture based deeply impoverished countryside o Infrastructure reverts back to the British period,  The IPL – Indian Premiere League, speaks to the new India. o Indian billionaires have come together and created the best cricket league in the world  This is the first time a developing country is the core of a sport  Europe is the core in soccer  US is the core in the big 4  India has established a new flow in the global division of labor, all the best cricket players play in the IPL
 Marx – “the cows that are sacred will block railroad lines, what do you do?” o Technology will always precede us.
In India just like in china, men are valued over girls, so many more male babies are had.  Once women obtain some level of education, this is the biggest threat to patriarchy.  The gender gap is growing – women are voting more and more for parties of the center-left.

Brazil is a 4th coming juggernaut.  Almost the size of the continental US  Largest Afro-descendent country in the world other than Nigeria.  Only Portuguese speaking country in a Spanish continent.  Brazil has become to Latin America as a former America. o Brazilian oil, a state run energy giant, is behaving in Latin America in a way Exxon Mobile did previously  SIZE MATTERS

Brazil seized to be a colony in 1802  It is oddly handed over, one of the kings declares Brazil to be an independent empire.  Brazil remains an empire until 1889. It basically succeeds from the mother-country in a transferred way, not in a war of independence way. o There is no Simon Bolivar or San Martin in Brazil.  What it does have is immense natural resources.  Develops a Latin American form of political development in which you have a leader/strongman:  A Caldillo A man of the army who has force who actually uses his power to forge an alliance between the peasantry, the business elites, and the army by using very strong nationalist overtones.  He has populist tones, create a form of persuading the business elites and the rich and the land owners to give to the poor, and if they wont I will use my power as the head of the army to do this.