Population and Urbanization - Sociological Imagination - Lecture Slides, Slides of Sociology

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Chapter 15 Population and Urbanization docsity.com Questions for you… • What social factors affect patterns in population growth? • How many people currently reside on the planet? • What are the global concerns relating to food supply and population expansion? • How can science contribute to a better understanding of population concerns? docsity.com Population and the Environment • As the population continues to expand, how will the environment be affected? docsity.com Population • World’s population of 6.8 billion in 2010 is increasing by more than 76 million people per year. • Between 2000 and 2030, almost all of the world’s 1.4 % annual population growth will occur in low-income countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. docsity.com Changes in Population Changes occur as a result of three processes: • Fertility (births) • Mortality (deaths) • Migration docsity.com How Much Do You Know About Migration? • True or False? – The percentage of unauthorized immigrant workers in white-collar occupations has risen substantially in the 2000s. docsity.com How Much Do You Know About Migration? • False. – Unauthorized immigrant workers continue to be underrepresented in white-collar occupations such as management, business, and professional occupations and overrepresented in occupational categories (such as farming, cleaning, construction, and food preparation) that typically require less education and have no licensing requirements. docsity.com Polling Question • If you could live anywhere in the United States that you wanted to, would you prefer a city, suburban area, small town, or farm? A. City B. Suburban area C. Small town D. Farm docsity.com Migration Two types of movement: • Immigration is the movement of people into a geographic area to take up residency. • Emigration is the movement of people out of a geographic area to take up residency elsewhere. docsity.com Population Pyramid • A graphic representation of the distribution of a population by sex and age. docsity.com Mexico, 2000 I 2000 Age jexico, Age ran, 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 6543210123456 6643210123456 Males Females Males Females (in millions) {in millions) {in millions) {in millions) United States, 2000 France, 2000 2108 6420246 810 12 325215105005115 2253 Males Females Males Females {in millions) (in millions) {in millions) {in millions) docsity com {c)2012. Cengage Learning Theories of Population Growth • The Malthusian Perspective • The Marxist Perspective • The Neo-Malthusian Perspective • Demographic Transition Theory docsity.com Malthusian Perspective • If left unchecked, the population would exceed the available food supply. • Population would increase in a geometric progression (2, 4, 8, …). • The food supply would increase by an arithmetic progression (1, 2, 3, 4 . . .). docsity.com Marxist Perspective • Using technology, food can be produced for a growing population. • Overpopulation will lead to the eventual destruction of capitalism. • Workers will become dissatisfied and develop class-consciousness because of shared oppression. docsity.com Demographic Transition Theory • Stage 3: Advanced Industrialization and Urbanization - very little population growth occurs, birth rates and death rates are low. • Stage 4: Postindustrialization - birth rates decline as more women are employed and raising children becomes more costly. docsity.com Percentage of people living in cities [_) NA (4) 20-40 Hj 41-59 HJ 60-80 HJ 81-100 docsity.com Emergence and Evolution of the City • The earliest humans are believed to have emerged anywhere from 40,000 to 1,000,000 years ago. • Scholars date the development of the first city between 3500 and 3100 BCE. docsity.com Industrial Cities • The Industrial Revolution changed the nature of the city. – Factories attract workers from rural area. – Rapidly developing transportation technology brings more of them, and from farther away. – Urban populations mushroom. – The metropolis is born • A central city and suburbs that dominate the cultural and economic life of a region. docsity.com Post Industrial Cities • Economies gradually shift from secondary (manufacturing) production to tertiary (service and information-processing) production. • Cities increasingly rely on an economic structure that is based on scientific knowledge rather than industrial production, and as a result, a class of professionals and technicians grows in size and influence. docsity.com Functionalist Perspective on Urbanism: Ecological Models Concentric zone model Due to invasion, succession, and gentrification, cities are a series of circular zones, characterized by a particular land use. Multiple nuclei model Cities have more than one center of development, based on specific needs and activities. docsity.com Gender Regimes in Cities Different cities have different gender regimes: • How women and men should think, feel, and act. • How access to positions and control of resources should be managed. • How women and men should relate to each other. docsity.com Simmel's View of City Life • Urban life is stimulating; it shapes people's thoughts and actions. • Many urban residents avoid emotional involvement with each other and try to ignore events taking place around them. • Urban living can be liberating - people have opportunities for individualism and autonomy. docsity.com Gans's Urban Villagers Five categories of urban dwellers: 1. Cosmopolites are students, artists, writers, musicians, and professionals who live in the city to be close to its cultural facilities. 2. Unmarried people and childless couples live in the city to be close to work and entertainment. docsity.com Conflict Perspective: Political Economy Models Capitalism and urban growth The capitalist class chooses locations for skyscrapers and housing projects, limiting individual choices by others. Gender regimes in cities Different cities have different ideologies regarding access to social positions and resources for men and women. docsity.com Conflict Perspective: Political Economy Models Global patterns of growth Capital investment decisions by core nations result in uneven growth in peripheral and semiperipheral nations. docsity.com Symbolic Interactionist Perspective on Urbanism Simmel’s view of city life The intensity of city life causes people to become insensitive to individuals and events around them. Urbanism as a way of life Size, density, and heterogeneity of urban population result in elaborate division of labor and space. docsity.com Growth of the World’s Population India [FO china [H@l nl Pakistan [00 | Indonesia [29 | Nigeria [259] U.S.A. [23] a. Population increase in selected countries, b. Increase in the world’s population, 1995-2000, in millions of people in billions of people {€}2012 Cengage Learning ® docsity.com Quick Quiz docsity.com 1. The movement of people into a geographic area to take up residency is called: A. emigration B. traveling C. migration D. immigration docsity.com Answer: C • The movement of people out of a geographic area to take up residency elsewhere is called emigration. docsity.com 3. A graphic representation of the distribution of a population by sex and age is a: A. population composition B. population regression C. sex ratio D. population pyramid docsity.com Answer: D • A graphic representation of the distribution of a population by sex and age is a population pyramid. docsity.com 5. According to Thomas Malthus: A. the population, if left unchecked would gradually fit with the natural laws in the universe. B. the population, if left unchecked would stabilize and maintain itself. C. the population, if left unchecked would exceed available food supply, and then most of the population would die off due to hunger. D. the population, if left unchecked would be motivated to accommodate the larger population. docsity.com Answer: C • According to Thomas Malthus, population, if left unchecked would exceed available food supply, and then most of the population would die off due to hunger. docsity.com