Population and Urbanization in Latin America: Demography, Migration, and Economic Factors , Study notes of Geography

Download Population and Urbanization in Latin America: Demography, Migration, and Economic Factors and more Study notes Geography in PDF only on Docsity! Last Time • Industrialization in the late 19th Century — up through WWII • Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) (1940s — 1970s) • Export Promotion Industrialization TODAY • Population growth, distribution, and size in Latin America • Urbanization
Problems with urban growth continued • The urban economy •Migration Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)/yr • Latin America ~ 1.7% • USA ~ 0.6% • World ~ 1.3% • More Developed World ~ 0.1% • Lesser developed world ~ 1.6% - 1.9% • Caribbean ~ 1.2%/yr • Central America (including Mexico) ~ 2.4% • Mexico ~ 2.4 % • South America (including Brazil) ~ 1.5%
Brazil ~ 1.3% Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)/yr • Notable extremes • Historical trends: 1950s - 1980s
Decline but less rapidly now Total Fertility Rate (TFR) • = average total number of births to a woman in her lifetime (superior to CBR) • ~ 2.1 => parents only replacing themselves (called replacement level fertility)
need the extra 0.1 due to childhood deaths Life expectancy at birth Eo • Latin America ~ 71 yrs • USA ~ 77 • World ~ 67 • More Developed World ~ 76 • Lesser developed world ~ 63 – 65 • Caribbean ~ 69 • Central America (including Mexico) ~ 74 • Mexico ~ 75 • South America (including Brazil) ~ 70 • Brazil ~ 69 • Individual extremes Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) • Closely correlated with Eo & very diagnostic of social underdevelopment and poverty • Latin America ~ 29 (per 1000 live births -or 2.9%) • USA ~ 6.9 • World ~ 55 • More Developed World ~ 7 • Lesser developed world ~ 61 – 64 • Caribbean ~ 38 • Central America (including Mexico) ~ 27 • Mexico ~ 25 • South America (including Brazil) ~ 30 • Brazil ~ 33 • Individual extremes Population age structure - youth • Youthful pops: % of pop < 15 years old • USA 21% • World 30%
Lesser developed World 33% - 36%
More Developed World ~ 18% • Latin America 32%
Central America with Mexico 35%
Caribbean 30%
South America 31% • Latin American extremes & consequences Geographic distribution of population • High density zones & low density zones Geographic distribution of population • Urbanization
Large city urbanization in LA Geographic distribution of population • Urbanization
Mega-cities 1. Tokyo ~ 35 m • 2. Mexico City ~ 19 m • 3. NYC ~ 18.5 m • 4. Bombay ~ 18 • 5. Sâo Paulo ~ 20 m • 6. Dehli ~ 15 m • 7. Calcutta • 8. Buenos Aires ~ 13 m • 9. Jakarta ~ 13 m • 10. Shanghai ~ 13 m • 11. Dhaka ~ 12.5 • 12.Los Angeles ~ 12 m
Emerging Megalopoli zones Roots of urban growth • Demographic
R—to—Urban migration
Natural increase • Economic
Industrialization
Rural stagnation • Organizations
Banks and governments Benefits from urban growth • Efficient provision of social services • Cities are centers of information flow and knowledge • Concentrated (and better educated?) labor pool • Physical infrastructure often better • Cities concentrate “human capital” • Cities are a huge internal markets • Easier linkages between industries • Cities are often “better off” Problems with urban growth I • Housing
First destination of poor migrants is the inner city slums
Elite often still in posh neighborhoods in inner city
Often close juxtaposition of rich and poor URMBABRIEL Yo ag rot omit Sate Oley : vorws 2 vind 5 Sy 03, Se vans eh yy % 37 rd i 7 a sy | a ire oe = dere Yap 2 eS SiN NWS ‘og co &2 oieaay : c xi ng | VEINS 2334 TINTS Ps cate gE odie 8 ark is P2ueW 30 iF . : £3; yale pen: : si IIe 3 Swe ee i 5 eS WANINIiNS 33 tL <5 - Gs, J J al euo4 Bhi ‘rH “Ev ca.onos fss Tey 4 ere 2. 5ByH s ‘io ee . R ltt, sf § g: t Oe 73 z # RAY Ty; fas 5 = r eG | ys a 3 i =5@ aus 40s 222 nd soe a one 2 teas oe Re 8 <= 138 ONpiy 8 2s Spin £5 Gisuon vows Qui” 3385 wager 38 SEs WOT NYS se ase, : = . Squatters outside Lima Self-help housing, Santo Domingo Self-help housing, Santo Domingo Self-help housing, Lima Formal sector housing, Tegucigalpa Formal sector housing, Tegucigalpa Problems with urban growth •Subsidy and Sink effects • Congestion • Pollution • Loss of urban open space • Poor provision of basic services The urban economy • Dual system
Informal services, local assembly and repair shops, family-run micro- businesses; day labor, domestics, etc. Majority of jobs? Migration-the 3rd part of demography •Definitions
More-or-less permanent change in the locus of one’s life
Must cross political boundary • “Circulation” a temporary change in residence Migration — 4 major types • 1st type: International within Latin America • 2nd type: International to and from Latin America • 3rd type rural => rural migration • 4th type rural => urban migration International to and from Latin America •Contemporary migrations (e.g., Caribbean, Ecuador) Example of International migration: Mexicans to US •N limits of Mexico •Loss of ½ of Mexican territory to US in war of 1840s •Post-Mexican war in 1880s Example of International migration: Mexicans to US •1920s revolution and post- revolution chaos in Mexico plus demand for ag workers in WWI in US ins wi a RAPID GROWTH Nigoria. ANI 2.8% 2002 population: 128.6 mullon Frojocted poputation for 2028: 204.5 million 181614121086 4.2.0.2 4 6 6 10121416 18 Percent af popudation, 2002 15-18 14 SLOW GROWTH ZERO GROWTH United States, RN 6% Germany. PNI-2.1% 2002 pope 24.5 lion 2002 popeaton 82.2 milion Projected popuinon for 205: 346.0 million Projacte puttin for 2025: 80.0 milion WeGg4e02 46 60 WEG420246 81 Percent af population, 2002 Percent of population, 2002 REE “San A onic ~ AUUSLUT +. - Ciudad Obregan lone va ht, Monterrey ‘ oe Cullacan Saltilla Mazatlan Ciudad Tepic,  Porta Velho BOLIVIA ices LA cities in World’s top 100 (19 of the top 100) Elite housing, Santo Domingo Urban water, Santo Domingo Urban water, Santo Domingo ed =r vill ©.f.M. Whitmore Find the globalization! Tegucigalpa Informal sector economy Informal economy, tile making (for export to posh homes in USA), Saltillo ws ae Guaya PACIFIC OCEAN Tropic. of Cap 0 500 = 1,000 mi — 0 500 4,000 km — > Interregional flows. —— International flows within Latin America — Intemational flows to destinations outside Latin America 1aow Tow TOOW eo wil? jqiitos Meee 980 Luis Tso . sow Anew 30M Tropic of Cancer a0'N ATLANTIC OCEAN 1M @ Branco ee Is beats ricorn,  ‘60° UNITED STATES 205 | “MEXICO. 20° 20° 21, DOM. 15 5\ gamaica MAT! REP. i141 Other {2 31 EL SALVADOR” “99 Other | _ Saribbean < NICARAGUA: American’ 7 fmm oye COLOMBIA 1? MIGRATION TOUS. (IN THOUSANDS) ECUADOR yo BRAZIL NWeororoeoe 11 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.  PACIFIC OCEAN AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE IN THE AMERICAS (1451-1870) WE Source areas [} Plantation America jee) Total slaves traded © T. M. Whitmore Annual immigration into the United States 8 2 8 2 8 3 8 3 1800 1810 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Southern and Eastem Europe 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year  400 km Pig. 3.0 Mereenhiiges, by Origin, of Uneglacumented Migrants to the (LS.. 1975 [26] Scale of remittance Flows • Exceeded the combined Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and net Official Development Assistance (ODA) to the Region • LA is now the fastest growing and highest volume remittance market in the world
150 million transfers annually to over 20 million recipients • Flows exceed tourism income to each country • At least 10% of GDP in six countries (Haiti, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Jamaica, the Dominican Republic, and Guyana) • Almost always exceed the largest export. Scale of remittance Flows • Remittances to Mexico
> the country's total tourism income
> two-thirds of the value of petroleum exports
~ 180% of the country's agricultural exports. • The earnings of Salvadorans residing in the United States
> entire GDP of the country. Return migrant (remittance funded) housing in Ecuador © Brad Jokish © Thomas Whitmore © Thomas Whitmore © Thomas Whitmore Permanent: rural => rural • Sierra de Lacandon, Peten, Guatemala 0 200 Miles N EW S Sierra de Lacandón National Park Maya Biosphere Reserve Guatemala Petén 4th type: rural => urban migration •What is it?
rural to urban migration => permanent change of residence •Why migrate?
“Push” and “Pull” forces
economic welfare
social welfare
other factors Why migrate? •Economic (pushes & pulls)
Lack of land
Few non-farm opportunities
Little upward mobility
Development => fewer rural jobs & jobs with less dignity Who migrates?
Age
Gender
Marital status
Education level
Personal
Ethnicity How do migrants move? •Migration patterns
Role of information
Role of social networks How do migrants move? •Migration patterns
Step vs direct migration
Fill-in migration
Role of distance