Populations - Nature Study and Conservation - Lecture Slides, Slides of Biology

Download Populations - Nature Study and Conservation - Lecture Slides and more Slides Biology in PDF only on Docsity! Populations Docsity.com OVERVIEW • Population: all the individuals of one species in a given area • HOW POPULATIONS GROW – Exponential vs. logistic – r VS. K – Carrying Capacity • Human Population Statistics – Predictions • Impact on Conservation Docsity.com Fig. 8-3, p. 163 Environmental Resistance Time (t) Carrying capacity (K) Exponential Growth Biotic Potential Docsity.com Fig. 8-4, p. 164 Carrying capacity Year N um be r o f s he ep (m ill io ns ) Overshoot Docsity.com Fig. 8-11, p. 169 Age Early loss Late loss Docsity.com Fig. 8-7, p. 166 Po pu la tio n si ze (t ho us an ds ) Year Lynx Hare Docsity.com Fig. 9.9, p. 204 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 500 N um be r o f m oo se 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1900 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2000 1997 Year N um ber of w olves Moose population Wolf population Docsity.com Fig. 1.1, p. 2 16 15 14 13 12 11 Billions of people ? ? ? 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2-5 million years 8000 6000 4000 2000 2000 2100 Hunting and gathering Black Death–the Plague Time Industrial revolution Agricultural revolution B.C. A.D. Docsity.com Fig. 9-3, p. 174 14 Europe North America United States Oceania Asia Africa Latin and Central America 38 15 21 6 20 7 17 7 14 8 8 11 10 Docsity.com Fig. 9-4, p. 174 2025 1.5 billion China 1.3 billion India 1.1 billion 1.4 billion USA 300 million 349 million Indonesia 225 million 264 million Brazil 187 million 229 million Pakistan 166 million 229 million Bangladesh 147 million 190 million Russia 142 million 130 million 135 million Nigeria 199 million Japan 121 million 128 million 2006 Docsity.com GNP per capita, 1998 Low income (Under $1,000) Middle income ($1,000–$10,000) High income (Above $10,000) Fig. 1.5, p. 9 Docsity.com Fig. 9-8, p. 178 1907 Year N um be r o f l eg al im m ig ra nt s (th ou sa nd s) New laws restrict Immigration 1914 Great Depression Docsity.com Fig. 9-9, p. 179 Expanding Rapidly Guatemala Nigeria Saudi Arabia Expanding Slowly United States Australia Canada Stable Spain Portugal Greece Declining Germany Bulgaria Italy Prereproductive ages 0–14 Reproductive ages 15– 44 Postreproductive ages 45–85+ Female Male Male Male Male Female Female Female Docsity.com Fig. 9-11, p. 180 Females Males Age Females Males Age Females Males Age Females Males Age 1955 1985 2015 2035 Docsity.com Fig. 9-17, p. 188 Reduction of biodiversity Increasing use of the earth's net primary productivity Increasing genetic resistance of pest species and disease-causing bacteria Elimination of many natural predators Deliberate or accidental introduction of potentially harmful species into communities Using some renewable resources faster than they can be replenished Interfering with the earth's chemical cycling and energy flow processes Relying mostly on polluting fossil fuels Natural Capital Degradation Altering Nature to Meet Our Needs Docsity.com Human Population growth • For most of our history a logistic curve. • Currently exponential growth – Not uniform around the globe – Developing nations growing fastest • What has made the change possible? – Drop in death rate. Birth rate has fallen, not increased. • How long will this be sustainable? • Future predictions for growth? Docsity.com Fig. 11.14, p. 246 Infant deaths per 1,000 live births <10 10-35 36-70 71-100 100+ Data not available Docsity.com Fig. 11.5, p. 241 China India USA Indonesia Brazil Pakistan Russia Bangladesh Japan Nigeria 2000 2025 1.26 billion 1.4 billion 1 billion 1.4 billion 276 million 338 million 212 million 273 million 170 million 221 million 151 million 227 million 145 million 137 million 128 million 177 million 127 million 121 million 123 million 205 million Docsity.com Fig. 11.6, p. 241 Asia Europe Africa Latin America North America Oceania 3.7 billion 4.7 billion 728 million 714 million 800 million 1.3 billion 518 million 703 million 306 million 374 million 31 million 39 million 2000 2025 Docsity.com Fig. 11.10, p. 243 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 2.1 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year B irt hs p er w om an Total fertility rates in USA 1917-2000 Baby Boom (1946-64) Below replacement rate- immigration keeps population growing Docsity.com Fig. 11.13a, p. 245 Developed Countries 50 40 30 20 10 0 1775 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 R at e pe r 1 ,0 00 p eo pl e Year Rate of natural increase Crude birth rate Crude death rate Rate of natural increase = crude birth rate = crude death rate Docsity.com Fig. 11.13b, p. 245 Developing Countries 50 40 30 20 10 0 1775 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 R at e pe r 1 ,0 00 p eo pl e Crude birth rate Rate of natural increase Crude death rate Year Docsity.com Fig. 11.15, p. 246 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 1920 Years D ea th s un de r a ge 1 p er 1 ,0 00 li ve b irt hs Docsity.com Fig. 9-6, p. 175 Demographic transition Depression End of World War II Baby boom Baby bust Echo baby boom B irt hs p er th ou sa nd p op ul at io n Year Docsity.com Some predications • Will technology save us? • The soft landing – no population collapse • Will we have a crash after we have exceeded our carrying capacity? • No one knows Docsity.com Fig. 11.9, p. 242 High Medium Low 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 High 10.7 Medium 8.9 Low 7.3 Year Po pu la tio n (b ill io n) Docsity.com Fig. 11.25a, p. 254 St at e of th e W or ld 1900 2000 2100 Year Industrial output Food Resources Population Pollution Docsity.com Influence on environment • More land fro agriculture, resource exploitation • More land for cities, roadways, suburbs • Less fish in the sea for the food chain • Deforestation • Oil, gas won’t last forever • Pollution builds up • Better “green” technologies? • Heightened awareness, concern? • Better understanding of ecosystems? Docsity.com Human disturbance Tropic of Capricorn Equator Predominantly natural Partially disturbed Human dominated Antarctic Circle Tropic of Cancer Arctic Circle Fig. 1.4, p. 8 Docsity.com