Sleep Hygiene: Establishing Healthy Sleep Patterns for Restorative Sleep, Exams of Nursing

Download Sleep Hygiene: Establishing Healthy Sleep Patterns for Restorative Sleep and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam _______ is sleep disordered breathing caused by airway obstruction. - ansobstructive sleep apnea _______ work by blocking membrane receptors and the subsequent reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. - anstri-cyclic anti-depressants ________ utilizes electric impulses to inhibit or stop the abnormal nerve activity that causes tremor and other unwanted movement patterns associated with Parkinson's disease. - ansdeep brain stimulation A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by their spouse at 8 pm. The spouse reports that they were cleaning up after dinner at approximately 6:30 pm, and she noticed that her husband's speech was very unclear. When she asked him what was going on, he said that he didn't know and that the entire right side of his face felt numb. She reports that he is very active, but he has a past medical history of atrial fibrillation. Based upon these symptoms and past medical history, what do you suspect this patient is experiencing? How would you confirm this diagnosis? What treatment should be administered? Explain why you chose that treatment. - ansThis patient is more than likely experiencing an ischemic stroke. A CT scan and MRI would be needed to determine if a clot was blocking blood flow to the brain tissue and to rule out a hemorrhagic stroke. If a clot is found, this patient should receive tPA drugs as they are within the 3-4.5 hour treatment window. A patient experiences a seizure that manifests with repetitive hand rubbing and reports of hallucinations right before the seizure occurred. They have experienced which type of seizure? - ansfocal seizure with impairment of consciousness or awareness A patient is being seen in your office with a primary complaint of daytime fatigue that has lasted for the past 2 months. They go on to tell you that they are having difficulty with work performance and are constantly on edge. You suspect they have chronic insomnia. What are the 4 primary symptoms of insomnia? Describe a nonpharmacologic treatment plan that you can prescribe for this patient. - ansThe 4 primary symptoms of insomnia are: Difficulty initiating sleep Difficulty maintaining sleep Waking up too early Chronic nonrestorative or poor sleep You would educate the patient on proper sleep hygiene and encourage them to evaluate possible stressors that may need to be removed from their daily routine. Sleep hygiene involves the establishment of consistent sleep patterns (going to bed at the same time each night and only sleeping as long as one needs to feel refreshed during the day), creating a comfortable sleeping environment (optimal room temperature), Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam avoidance of screens and excessive light right before bed, and finally, avoidance of stimulants (caffeine) several hours prior to normal bedtime. A patient is having difficulty tracking their eye laterally. Which cranial nerve is affected? - ansCN VI A patient reports to the emergency department where you are working at 7 pm. They report that earlier that morning they began to experience numbness in their right leg. They had walked more than usual the day before, so they ignored their symptoms. As the day went on, they noticed that the numbness got worse, and they began to slur their words. By the time they are evaluated, their symptoms begin to subside. The numbness disappears, and their speech returns to normal. What do you suspect this patient has experienced? What is the clinical significance? - ansThis patient has experienced a TIA as their symptoms subsided in less than 24 hours without intervention. However, this should not be ignored as TIAs serve as a warning sign that a stroke can occur in the future. Underlying pathology such as atherosclerosis, etc. must be addressed for prevention. A person reports feelings of anhedonia, guilt, and worthlessness that seem to be worse in the morning. They also exhibit excessive weight loss and experience insomnia. What type of depression are they experiencing? - ansmelancholic depression Connective tissue sheaths that surround the brain and spinal cord providing protection are called the _______. - ansmeninges Delta waves appear in which stage of sleep? - ansstage 3 Describe the importance of brain activity that occurs during REM sleep. - ansDuring this phase of sleep, incoming sensory input is blocked; the brain cannot process it. However, internalized sensory tracts are stimulated allowing previously formed memories to replay in one's mind. Studies have shown that adequate time spent in REM sleep is necessary for normal physiologic and psychologic functioning during periods of wakefulness. Each of the following are modifiable factors related to stroke except: - ansobesity Each of the following statements is true of Parkinson's disease except: - ansEnvironmental factors alone lead to disease development Each of the following statements is true regarding Alzheimer's disease except: - ansTau protein is broken down when the neuron that produced it dies Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam Difficulty maintaining sleep Waking up too early Chronic nonrestorative or poor sleep You would educate the patient on proper sleep hygiene and encourage them to evaluate possible stressors that may need to be removed from their daily routine. Sleep hygiene involves the establishment of consistent sleep patterns (going to bed at the same time each night and only sleeping as long as one needs to feel refreshed during the day), creating a comfortable sleeping environment (optimal room temperature), avoidance of screens and excessive light right before bed, and finally, avoidance of stimulants (caffeine) several hours prior to normal bedtime. A patient is having difficulty tracking their eye laterally. Which cranial nerve is affected? - ansCN VI A patient reports to the emergency department where you are working at 7 pm. They report that earlier that morning they began to experience numbness in their right leg. They had walked more than usual the day before, so they ignored their symptoms. As the day went on, they noticed that the numbness got worse, and they began to slur their words. By the time they are evaluated, their symptoms begin to subside. The numbness disappears, and their speech returns to normal. What do you suspect this patient has experienced? What is the clinical significance? - ansThis patient has experienced a TIA as their symptoms subsided in less than 24 hours without intervention. However, this should not be ignored as TIAs serve as a warning sign that a stroke can occur in the future. Underlying pathology such as atherosclerosis, etc. must be addressed for prevention. A person reports feelings of anhedonia, guilt, and worthlessness that seem to be worse in the morning. They also exhibit excessive weight loss and experience insomnia. What type of depression are they experiencing? - ansmelancholic depression Connective tissue sheaths that surround the brain and spinal cord providing protection are called the _______. - ansmeninges Delta waves appear in which stage of sleep? - ansstage 3 Describe the importance of brain activity that occurs during REM sleep. - ansDuring this phase of sleep, incoming sensory input is blocked; the brain cannot process it. However, internalized sensory tracts are stimulated allowing previously formed memories to replay in one's mind. Studies have shown that adequate time spent in REM sleep is necessary for normal physiologic and psychologic functioning during periods of wakefulness. Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam Each of the following are modifiable factors related to stroke except: - ansobesity Each of the following statements is true of Parkinson's disease except: - ansEnvironmental factors alone lead to disease development Each of the following statements is true regarding Alzheimer's disease except: - ansTau protein is broken down when the neuron that produced it dies Each of the following statements is true regarding the organization of the nervous system except: - ansthe CNS has an afferent and efferent division Efferent neurons deliver _______ input from the CNS to the periphery. - ansmotor Explain how a chemical synapse produces an excitatory or inhibitory signal. - ansThe presynaptic neuron will secrete neurotransmitters which diffuse into the synaptic cleft and bind to excitatory or inhibitory receptors on the postsynaptic membrane eliciting an excitatory or inhibitory signal in one direction. Primary insomnia is characterized by each of the following except: - anscan also be called comorbid insomnia (comorbid is secondary) Sleep disturbances associated with narcolepsy include each of the following except: - anssleep apnea T/F - Make true if False Astrocytes help to form the blood-brain barrier which prevents toxins from the blood from entering the brain. - anstrue T/F - Make true if False The average age of onset for major depressive disorder is mid-30s; however, the age of onset is increasing in recent times. - ansFalse; average age of onset is DECREASING in recent times. T/F - Make true if False Vital signs increase during stage 1 of NREM sleep. - ansfalse, vital signs DECREASE during stage 1 of NREM sleep T/F - Make true if False Wandering episodes are characteristic of severe Alzheimer's disease. - ansFalse, wandering episodes increase in moderate Alzheimer's disease. Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam What type of seizure manifests with a blank stare, lasts only for a few seconds, and often goes unnoticed? - ansabsence seizure You are babysitting a 7-year-old child with a known history of seizure activity. You notice they appear flushed and seem unresponsive. You ask if they are feeling alright and they stare at you blankly. After a few seconds they act as if nothing happened and return to play. Is this a generalized or focal seizure? Based upon this description, what specific type of seizure did this individual experience? - ansgeneralized absence seizure You are seeing a patient with Parkinson's disease in your office. You notice they have difficulty turning themselves around to sit in the chair, freezing in the process. This is an example of what physical manifestation of the disease? - ansbradykinesia _______ is sleep disordered breathing caused by airway obstruction. - ansobstructive sleep apnea _______ work by blocking membrane receptors and the subsequent reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. - anstri-cyclic anti-depressants ________ utilizes electric impulses to inhibit or stop the abnormal nerve activity that causes tremor and other unwanted movement patterns associated with Parkinson's disease. - ansdeep brain stimulation A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by their spouse at 8 pm. The spouse reports that they were cleaning up after dinner at approximately 6:30 pm, and she noticed that her husband's speech was very unclear. When she asked him what was going on, he said that he didn't know and that the entire right side of his face felt numb. She reports that he is very active, but he has a past medical history of atrial fibrillation. Based upon these symptoms and past medical history, what do you suspect this patient is experiencing? How would you confirm this diagnosis? What treatment should be administered? Explain why you chose that treatment. - ansThis patient is more than likely experiencing an ischemic stroke. A CT scan and MRI would be needed to determine if a clot was blocking blood flow to the brain tissue and to rule out a hemorrhagic stroke. If a clot is found, this patient should receive tPA drugs as they are within the 3-4.5 hour treatment window. A patient experiences a seizure that manifests with repetitive hand rubbing and reports of hallucinations right before the seizure occurred. They have experienced which type of seizure? - ansfocal seizure with impairment of consciousness or awareness Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam T/F - Make true if False Vital signs increase during stage 1 of NREM sleep. - ansfalse, vital signs DECREASE during stage 1 of NREM sleep T/F - Make true if False Wandering episodes are characteristic of severe Alzheimer's disease. - ansFalse, wandering episodes increase in moderate Alzheimer's disease. What type of seizure manifests with a blank stare, lasts only for a few seconds, and often goes unnoticed? - ansabsence seizure You are babysitting a 7-year-old child with a known history of seizure activity. You notice they appear flushed and seem unresponsive. You ask if they are feeling alright and they stare at you blankly. After a few seconds they act as if nothing happened and return to play. Is this a generalized or focal seizure? Based upon this description, what specific type of seizure did this individual experience? - ansgeneralized absence seizure You are seeing a patient with Parkinson's disease in your office. You notice they have difficulty turning themselves around to sit in the chair, freezing in the process. This is an example of what physical manifestation of the disease? - ansbradykinesia _______ is sleep disordered breathing caused by airway obstruction. - ansobstructive sleep apnea _______ work by blocking membrane receptors and the subsequent reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. - anstri-cyclic anti-depressants ________ utilizes electric impulses to inhibit or stop the abnormal nerve activity that causes tremor and other unwanted movement patterns associated with Parkinson's disease. - ansdeep brain stimulation A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by their spouse at 8 pm. The spouse reports that they were cleaning up after dinner at approximately 6:30 pm, and she noticed that her husband's speech was very unclear. When she asked him what was going on, he said that he didn't know and that the entire right side of his face felt numb. She reports that he is very active, but he has a past medical history of atrial fibrillation. Based upon these symptoms and past medical history, what do you suspect this patient is experiencing? How would you confirm this diagnosis? What treatment should be administered? Explain why you chose that treatment. - ansThis patient is more than likely experiencing an ischemic stroke. A CT scan and MRI would be needed to determine if a clot was blocking blood flow to the brain tissue and to rule out a Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam hemorrhagic stroke. If a clot is found, this patient should receive tPA drugs as they are within the 3-4.5 hour treatment window. A patient experiences a seizure that manifests with repetitive hand rubbing and reports of hallucinations right before the seizure occurred. They have experienced which type of seizure? - ansfocal seizure with impairment of consciousness or awareness A patient is being seen in your office with a primary complaint of daytime fatigue that has lasted for the past 2 months. They go on to tell you that they are having difficulty with work performance and are constantly on edge. You suspect they have chronic insomnia. What are the 4 primary symptoms of insomnia? Describe a nonpharmacologic treatment plan that you can prescribe for this patient. - ansThe 4 primary symptoms of insomnia are: Difficulty initiating sleep Difficulty maintaining sleep Waking up too early Chronic nonrestorative or poor sleep You would educate the patient on proper sleep hygiene and encourage them to evaluate possible stressors that may need to be removed from their daily routine. Sleep hygiene involves the establishment of consistent sleep patterns (going to bed at the same time each night and only sleeping as long as one needs to feel refreshed during the day), creating a comfortable sleeping environment (optimal room temperature), avoidance of screens and excessive light right before bed, and finally, avoidance of stimulants (caffeine) several hours prior to normal bedtime. A patient is having difficulty tracking their eye laterally. Which cranial nerve is affected? - ansCN VI A patient reports to the emergency department where you are working at 7 pm. They report that earlier that morning they began to experience numbness in their right leg. They had walked more than usual the day before, so they ignored their symptoms. As the day went on, they noticed that the numbness got worse, and they began to slur their words. By the time they are evaluated, their symptoms begin to subside. The numbness disappears, and their speech returns to normal. What do you suspect this patient has experienced? What is the clinical significance? - ansThis patient has experienced a TIA as their symptoms subsided in less than 24 hours without intervention. However, this should not be ignored as TIAs serve as a warning sign that a stroke can occur in the future. Underlying pathology such as atherosclerosis, etc. must be addressed for prevention. Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam A person reports feelings of anhedonia, guilt, and worthlessness that seem to be worse in the morning. They also exhibit excessive weight loss and experience insomnia. What type of depression are they experiencing? - ansmelancholic depression Connective tissue sheaths that surround the brain and spinal cord providing protection are called the _______. - ansmeninges Delta waves appear in which stage of sleep? - ansstage 3 Describe the importance of brain activity that occurs during REM sleep. - ansDuring this phase of sleep, incoming sensory input is blocked; the brain cannot process it. However, internalized sensory tracts are stimulated allowing previously formed memories to replay in one's mind. Studies have shown that adequate time spent in REM sleep is necessary for normal physiologic and psychologic functioning during periods of wakefulness. Each of the following are modifiable factors related to stroke except: - ansobesity Each of the following statements is true of Parkinson's disease except: - ansEnvironmental factors alone lead to disease development Each of the following statements is true regarding Alzheimer's disease except: - ansTau protein is broken down when the neuron that produced it dies Each of the following statements is true regarding the organization of the nervous system except: - ansthe CNS has an afferent and efferent division Efferent neurons deliver _______ input from the CNS to the periphery. - ansmotor Explain how a chemical synapse produces an excitatory or inhibitory signal. - ansThe presynaptic neuron will secrete neurotransmitters which diffuse into the synaptic cleft and bind to excitatory or inhibitory receptors on the postsynaptic membrane eliciting an excitatory or inhibitory signal in one direction. Primary insomnia is characterized by each of the following except: - anscan also be called comorbid insomnia (comorbid is secondary) Sleep disturbances associated with narcolepsy include each of the following except: - anssleep apnea T/F - Make true if False Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam words. By the time they are evaluated, their symptoms begin to subside. The numbness disappears, and their speech returns to normal. What do you suspect this patient has experienced? What is the clinical significance? - ansThis patient has experienced a TIA as their symptoms subsided in less than 24 hours without intervention. However, this should not be ignored as TIAs serve as a warning sign that a stroke can occur in the future. Underlying pathology such as atherosclerosis, etc. must be addressed for prevention. A person reports feelings of anhedonia, guilt, and worthlessness that seem to be worse in the morning. They also exhibit excessive weight loss and experience insomnia. What type of depression are they experiencing? - ansmelancholic depression Connective tissue sheaths that surround the brain and spinal cord providing protection are called the _______. - ansmeninges Delta waves appear in which stage of sleep? - ansstage 3 Describe the importance of brain activity that occurs during REM sleep. - ansDuring this phase of sleep, incoming sensory input is blocked; the brain cannot process it. However, internalized sensory tracts are stimulated allowing previously formed memories to replay in one's mind. Studies have shown that adequate time spent in REM sleep is necessary for normal physiologic and psychologic functioning during periods of wakefulness. Each of the following are modifiable factors related to stroke except: - ansobesity Each of the following statements is true of Parkinson's disease except: - ansEnvironmental factors alone lead to disease development Each of the following statements is true regarding Alzheimer's disease except: - ansTau protein is broken down when the neuron that produced it dies Each of the following statements is true regarding the organization of the nervous system except: - ansthe CNS has an afferent and efferent division Efferent neurons deliver _______ input from the CNS to the periphery. - ansmotor Explain how a chemical synapse produces an excitatory or inhibitory signal. - ansThe presynaptic neuron will secrete neurotransmitters which diffuse into the synaptic cleft and bind to excitatory or inhibitory receptors on the postsynaptic membrane eliciting an excitatory or inhibitory signal in one direction. Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam Primary insomnia is characterized by each of the following except: - anscan also be called comorbid insomnia (comorbid is secondary) Sleep disturbances associated with narcolepsy include each of the following except: - anssleep apnea T/F - Make true if False Astrocytes help to form the blood-brain barrier which prevents toxins from the blood from entering the brain. - anstrue T/F - Make true if False The average age of onset for major depressive disorder is mid-30s; however, the age of onset is increasing in recent times. - ansFalse; average age of onset is DECREASING in recent times. T/F - Make true if False Vital signs increase during stage 1 of NREM sleep. - ansfalse, vital signs DECREASE during stage 1 of NREM sleep T/F - Make true if False Wandering episodes are characteristic of severe Alzheimer's disease. - ansFalse, wandering episodes increase in moderate Alzheimer's disease. What type of seizure manifests with a blank stare, lasts only for a few seconds, and often goes unnoticed? - ansabsence seizure You are babysitting a 7-year-old child with a known history of seizure activity. You notice they appear flushed and seem unresponsive. You ask if they are feeling alright and they stare at you blankly. After a few seconds they act as if nothing happened and return to play. Is this a generalized or focal seizure? Based upon this description, what specific type of seizure did this individual experience? - ansgeneralized absence seizure You are seeing a patient with Parkinson's disease in your office. You notice they have difficulty turning themselves around to sit in the chair, freezing in the process. This is an example of what physical manifestation of the disease? - ansbradykinesia _______ is sleep disordered breathing caused by airway obstruction. - ansobstructive sleep apnea Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam _______ work by blocking membrane receptors and the subsequent reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. - anstri-cyclic anti-depressants ________ utilizes electric impulses to inhibit or stop the abnormal nerve activity that causes tremor and other unwanted movement patterns associated with Parkinson's disease. - ansdeep brain stimulation A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by their spouse at 8 pm. The spouse reports that they were cleaning up after dinner at approximately 6:30 pm, and she noticed that her husband's speech was very unclear. When she asked him what was going on, he said that he didn't know and that the entire right side of his face felt numb. She reports that he is very active, but he has a past medical history of atrial fibrillation. Based upon these symptoms and past medical history, what do you suspect this patient is experiencing? How would you confirm this diagnosis? What treatment should be administered? Explain why you chose that treatment. - ansThis patient is more than likely experiencing an ischemic stroke. A CT scan and MRI would be needed to determine if a clot was blocking blood flow to the brain tissue and to rule out a hemorrhagic stroke. If a clot is found, this patient should receive tPA drugs as they are within the 3-4.5 hour treatment window. A patient experiences a seizure that manifests with repetitive hand rubbing and reports of hallucinations right before the seizure occurred. They have experienced which type of seizure? - ansfocal seizure with impairment of consciousness or awareness A patient is being seen in your office with a primary complaint of daytime fatigue that has lasted for the past 2 months. They go on to tell you that they are having difficulty with work performance and are constantly on edge. You suspect they have chronic insomnia. What are the 4 primary symptoms of insomnia? Describe a nonpharmacologic treatment plan that you can prescribe for this patient. - ansThe 4 primary symptoms of insomnia are: Difficulty initiating sleep Difficulty maintaining sleep Waking up too early Chronic nonrestorative or poor sleep You would educate the patient on proper sleep hygiene and encourage them to evaluate possible stressors that may need to be removed from their daily routine. Sleep hygiene involves the establishment of consistent sleep patterns (going to bed at the same time each night and only sleeping as long as one needs to feel refreshed during the day), creating a comfortable sleeping environment (optimal room temperature), avoidance of screens and excessive light right before bed, and finally, avoidance of stimulants (caffeine) several hours prior to normal bedtime. Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam You are seeing a patient with Parkinson's disease in your office. You notice they have difficulty turning themselves around to sit in the chair, freezing in the process. This is an example of what physical manifestation of the disease? - ansbradykinesia _______ is sleep disordered breathing caused by airway obstruction. - ansobstructive sleep apnea _______ work by blocking membrane receptors and the subsequent reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. - anstri-cyclic anti-depressants ________ utilizes electric impulses to inhibit or stop the abnormal nerve activity that causes tremor and other unwanted movement patterns associated with Parkinson's disease. - ansdeep brain stimulation A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by their spouse at 8 pm. The spouse reports that they were cleaning up after dinner at approximately 6:30 pm, and she noticed that her husband's speech was very unclear. When she asked him what was going on, he said that he didn't know and that the entire right side of his face felt numb. She reports that he is very active, but he has a past medical history of atrial fibrillation. Based upon these symptoms and past medical history, what do you suspect this patient is experiencing? How would you confirm this diagnosis? What treatment should be administered? Explain why you chose that treatment. - ansThis patient is more than likely experiencing an ischemic stroke. A CT scan and MRI would be needed to determine if a clot was blocking blood flow to the brain tissue and to rule out a hemorrhagic stroke. If a clot is found, this patient should receive tPA drugs as they are within the 3-4.5 hour treatment window. A patient experiences a seizure that manifests with repetitive hand rubbing and reports of hallucinations right before the seizure occurred. They have experienced which type of seizure? - ansfocal seizure with impairment of consciousness or awareness A patient is being seen in your office with a primary complaint of daytime fatigue that has lasted for the past 2 months. They go on to tell you that they are having difficulty with work performance and are constantly on edge. You suspect they have chronic insomnia. What are the 4 primary symptoms of insomnia? Describe a nonpharmacologic treatment plan that you can prescribe for this patient. - ansThe 4 primary symptoms of insomnia are: Difficulty initiating sleep Difficulty maintaining sleep Waking up too early Chronic nonrestorative or poor sleep Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam You would educate the patient on proper sleep hygiene and encourage them to evaluate possible stressors that may need to be removed from their daily routine. Sleep hygiene involves the establishment of consistent sleep patterns (going to bed at the same time each night and only sleeping as long as one needs to feel refreshed during the day), creating a comfortable sleeping environment (optimal room temperature), avoidance of screens and excessive light right before bed, and finally, avoidance of stimulants (caffeine) several hours prior to normal bedtime. A patient is having difficulty tracking their eye laterally. Which cranial nerve is affected? - ansCN VI A patient reports to the emergency department where you are working at 7 pm. They report that earlier that morning they began to experience numbness in their right leg. They had walked more than usual the day before, so they ignored their symptoms. As the day went on, they noticed that the numbness got worse, and they began to slur their words. By the time they are evaluated, their symptoms begin to subside. The numbness disappears, and their speech returns to normal. What do you suspect this patient has experienced? What is the clinical significance? - ansThis patient has experienced a TIA as their symptoms subsided in less than 24 hours without intervention. However, this should not be ignored as TIAs serve as a warning sign that a stroke can occur in the future. Underlying pathology such as atherosclerosis, etc. must be addressed for prevention. A person reports feelings of anhedonia, guilt, and worthlessness that seem to be worse in the morning. They also exhibit excessive weight loss and experience insomnia. What type of depression are they experiencing? - ansmelancholic depression Connective tissue sheaths that surround the brain and spinal cord providing protection are called the _______. - ansmeninges Delta waves appear in which stage of sleep? - ansstage 3 Describe the importance of brain activity that occurs during REM sleep. - ansDuring this phase of sleep, incoming sensory input is blocked; the brain cannot process it. However, internalized sensory tracts are stimulated allowing previously formed memories to replay in one's mind. Studies have shown that adequate time spent in REM sleep is necessary for normal physiologic and psychologic functioning during periods of wakefulness. Each of the following are modifiable factors related to stroke except: - ansobesity Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam Each of the following statements is true of Parkinson's disease except: - ansEnvironmental factors alone lead to disease development Each of the following statements is true regarding Alzheimer's disease except: - ansTau protein is broken down when the neuron that produced it dies Each of the following statements is true regarding the organization of the nervous system except: - ansthe CNS has an afferent and efferent division Efferent neurons deliver _______ input from the CNS to the periphery. - ansmotor Explain how a chemical synapse produces an excitatory or inhibitory signal. - ansThe presynaptic neuron will secrete neurotransmitters which diffuse into the synaptic cleft and bind to excitatory or inhibitory receptors on the postsynaptic membrane eliciting an excitatory or inhibitory signal in one direction. Primary insomnia is characterized by each of the following except: - anscan also be called comorbid insomnia (comorbid is secondary) Sleep disturbances associated with narcolepsy include each of the following except: - anssleep apnea T/F - Make true if False Astrocytes help to form the blood-brain barrier which prevents toxins from the blood from entering the brain. - anstrue T/F - Make true if False The average age of onset for major depressive disorder is mid-30s; however, the age of onset is increasing in recent times. - ansFalse; average age of onset is DECREASING in recent times. T/F - Make true if False Vital signs increase during stage 1 of NREM sleep. - ansfalse, vital signs DECREASE during stage 1 of NREM sleep T/F - Make true if False Wandering episodes are characteristic of severe Alzheimer's disease. - ansFalse, wandering episodes increase in moderate Alzheimer's disease. Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam Describe the importance of brain activity that occurs during REM sleep. - ansDuring this phase of sleep, incoming sensory input is blocked; the brain cannot process it. However, internalized sensory tracts are stimulated allowing previously formed memories to replay in one's mind. Studies have shown that adequate time spent in REM sleep is necessary for normal physiologic and psychologic functioning during periods of wakefulness. Each of the following are modifiable factors related to stroke except: - ansobesity Each of the following statements is true of Parkinson's disease except: - ansEnvironmental factors alone lead to disease development Each of the following statements is true regarding Alzheimer's disease except: - ansTau protein is broken down when the neuron that produced it dies Each of the following statements is true regarding the organization of the nervous system except: - ansthe CNS has an afferent and efferent division Efferent neurons deliver _______ input from the CNS to the periphery. - ansmotor Explain how a chemical synapse produces an excitatory or inhibitory signal. - ansThe presynaptic neuron will secrete neurotransmitters which diffuse into the synaptic cleft and bind to excitatory or inhibitory receptors on the postsynaptic membrane eliciting an excitatory or inhibitory signal in one direction. Primary insomnia is characterized by each of the following except: - anscan also be called comorbid insomnia (comorbid is secondary) Sleep disturbances associated with narcolepsy include each of the following except: - anssleep apnea T/F - Make true if False Astrocytes help to form the blood-brain barrier which prevents toxins from the blood from entering the brain. - anstrue T/F - Make true if False The average age of onset for major depressive disorder is mid-30s; however, the age of onset is increasing in recent times. - ansFalse; average age of onset is DECREASING in recent times. Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam T/F - Make true if False Vital signs increase during stage 1 of NREM sleep. - ansfalse, vital signs DECREASE during stage 1 of NREM sleep T/F - Make true if False Wandering episodes are characteristic of severe Alzheimer's disease. - ansFalse, wandering episodes increase in moderate Alzheimer's disease. What type of seizure manifests with a blank stare, lasts only for a few seconds, and often goes unnoticed? - ansabsence seizure You are babysitting a 7-year-old child with a known history of seizure activity. You notice they appear flushed and seem unresponsive. You ask if they are feeling alright and they stare at you blankly. After a few seconds they act as if nothing happened and return to play. Is this a generalized or focal seizure? Based upon this description, what specific type of seizure did this individual experience? - ansgeneralized absence seizure You are seeing a patient with Parkinson's disease in your office. You notice they have difficulty turning themselves around to sit in the chair, freezing in the process. This is an example of what physical manifestation of the disease? - ansbradykinesia _______ is sleep disordered breathing caused by airway obstruction. - ansobstructive sleep apnea _______ work by blocking membrane receptors and the subsequent reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. - anstri-cyclic anti-depressants ________ utilizes electric impulses to inhibit or stop the abnormal nerve activity that causes tremor and other unwanted movement patterns associated with Parkinson's disease. - ansdeep brain stimulation A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by their spouse at 8 pm. The spouse reports that they were cleaning up after dinner at approximately 6:30 pm, and she noticed that her husband's speech was very unclear. When she asked him what was going on, he said that he didn't know and that the entire right side of his face felt numb. She reports that he is very active, but he has a past medical history of atrial fibrillation. Based upon these symptoms and past medical history, what do you suspect this patient is experiencing? How would you confirm this diagnosis? What treatment should be administered? Explain why you chose that treatment. - ansThis patient is more than likely experiencing an ischemic stroke. A CT scan and MRI would be needed to determine if a clot was blocking blood flow to the brain tissue and to rule out a Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam hemorrhagic stroke. If a clot is found, this patient should receive tPA drugs as they are within the 3-4.5 hour treatment window. A patient experiences a seizure that manifests with repetitive hand rubbing and reports of hallucinations right before the seizure occurred. They have experienced which type of seizure? - ansfocal seizure with impairment of consciousness or awareness A patient is being seen in your office with a primary complaint of daytime fatigue that has lasted for the past 2 months. They go on to tell you that they are having difficulty with work performance and are constantly on edge. You suspect they have chronic insomnia. What are the 4 primary symptoms of insomnia? Describe a nonpharmacologic treatment plan that you can prescribe for this patient. - ansThe 4 primary symptoms of insomnia are: Difficulty initiating sleep Difficulty maintaining sleep Waking up too early Chronic nonrestorative or poor sleep You would educate the patient on proper sleep hygiene and encourage them to evaluate possible stressors that may need to be removed from their daily routine. Sleep hygiene involves the establishment of consistent sleep patterns (going to bed at the same time each night and only sleeping as long as one needs to feel refreshed during the day), creating a comfortable sleeping environment (optimal room temperature), avoidance of screens and excessive light right before bed, and finally, avoidance of stimulants (caffeine) several hours prior to normal bedtime. A patient is having difficulty tracking their eye laterally. Which cranial nerve is affected? - ansCN VI A patient reports to the emergency department where you are working at 7 pm. They report that earlier that morning they began to experience numbness in their right leg. They had walked more than usual the day before, so they ignored their symptoms. As the day went on, they noticed that the numbness got worse, and they began to slur their words. By the time they are evaluated, their symptoms begin to subside. The numbness disappears, and their speech returns to normal. What do you suspect this patient has experienced? What is the clinical significance? - ansThis patient has experienced a TIA as their symptoms subsided in less than 24 hours without intervention. However, this should not be ignored as TIAs serve as a warning sign that a stroke can occur in the future. Underlying pathology such as atherosclerosis, etc. must be addressed for prevention. Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by their spouse at 8 pm. The spouse reports that they were cleaning up after dinner at approximately 6:30 pm, and she noticed that her husband's speech was very unclear. When she asked him what was going on, he said that he didn't know and that the entire right side of his face felt numb. She reports that he is very active, but he has a past medical history of atrial fibrillation. Based upon these symptoms and past medical history, what do you suspect this patient is experiencing? How would you confirm this diagnosis? What treatment should be administered? Explain why you chose that treatment. - ansThis patient is more than likely experiencing an ischemic stroke. A CT scan and MRI would be needed to determine if a clot was blocking blood flow to the brain tissue and to rule out a hemorrhagic stroke. If a clot is found, this patient should receive tPA drugs as they are within the 3-4.5 hour treatment window. A patient experiences a seizure that manifests with repetitive hand rubbing and reports of hallucinations right before the seizure occurred. They have experienced which type of seizure? - ansfocal seizure with impairment of consciousness or awareness A patient is being seen in your office with a primary complaint of daytime fatigue that has lasted for the past 2 months. They go on to tell you that they are having difficulty with work performance and are constantly on edge. You suspect they have chronic insomnia. What are the 4 primary symptoms of insomnia? Describe a nonpharmacologic treatment plan that you can prescribe for this patient. - ansThe 4 primary symptoms of insomnia are: Difficulty initiating sleep Difficulty maintaining sleep Waking up too early Chronic nonrestorative or poor sleep You would educate the patient on proper sleep hygiene and encourage them to evaluate possible stressors that may need to be removed from their daily routine. Sleep hygiene involves the establishment of consistent sleep patterns (going to bed at the same time each night and only sleeping as long as one needs to feel refreshed during the day), creating a comfortable sleeping environment (optimal room temperature), avoidance of screens and excessive light right before bed, and finally, avoidance of stimulants (caffeine) several hours prior to normal bedtime. A patient is having difficulty tracking their eye laterally. Which cranial nerve is affected? - ansCN VI A patient reports to the emergency department where you are working at 7 pm. They report that earlier that morning they began to experience numbness in their right leg. They had walked more than usual the day before, so they ignored their symptoms. As the day went on, they noticed that the numbness got worse, and they began to slur their Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam words. By the time they are evaluated, their symptoms begin to subside. The numbness disappears, and their speech returns to normal. What do you suspect this patient has experienced? What is the clinical significance? - ansThis patient has experienced a TIA as their symptoms subsided in less than 24 hours without intervention. However, this should not be ignored as TIAs serve as a warning sign that a stroke can occur in the future. Underlying pathology such as atherosclerosis, etc. must be addressed for prevention. A person reports feelings of anhedonia, guilt, and worthlessness that seem to be worse in the morning. They also exhibit excessive weight loss and experience insomnia. What type of depression are they experiencing? - ansmelancholic depression Connective tissue sheaths that surround the brain and spinal cord providing protection are called the _______. - ansmeninges Delta waves appear in which stage of sleep? - ansstage 3 Describe the importance of brain activity that occurs during REM sleep. - ansDuring this phase of sleep, incoming sensory input is blocked; the brain cannot process it. However, internalized sensory tracts are stimulated allowing previously formed memories to replay in one's mind. Studies have shown that adequate time spent in REM sleep is necessary for normal physiologic and psychologic functioning during periods of wakefulness. Each of the following are modifiable factors related to stroke except: - ansobesity Each of the following statements is true of Parkinson's disease except: - ansEnvironmental factors alone lead to disease development Each of the following statements is true regarding Alzheimer's disease except: - ansTau protein is broken down when the neuron that produced it dies Each of the following statements is true regarding the organization of the nervous system except: - ansthe CNS has an afferent and efferent division Efferent neurons deliver _______ input from the CNS to the periphery. - ansmotor Explain how a chemical synapse produces an excitatory or inhibitory signal. - ansThe presynaptic neuron will secrete neurotransmitters which diffuse into the synaptic cleft and bind to excitatory or inhibitory receptors on the postsynaptic membrane eliciting an excitatory or inhibitory signal in one direction. Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam Primary insomnia is characterized by each of the following except: - anscan also be called comorbid insomnia (comorbid is secondary) Sleep disturbances associated with narcolepsy include each of the following except: - anssleep apnea T/F - Make true if False Astrocytes help to form the blood-brain barrier which prevents toxins from the blood from entering the brain. - anstrue T/F - Make true if False The average age of onset for major depressive disorder is mid-30s; however, the age of onset is increasing in recent times. - ansFalse; average age of onset is DECREASING in recent times. T/F - Make true if False Vital signs increase during stage 1 of NREM sleep. - ansfalse, vital signs DECREASE during stage 1 of NREM sleep T/F - Make true if False Wandering episodes are characteristic of severe Alzheimer's disease. - ansFalse, wandering episodes increase in moderate Alzheimer's disease. What type of seizure manifests with a blank stare, lasts only for a few seconds, and often goes unnoticed? - ansabsence seizure You are babysitting a 7-year-old child with a known history of seizure activity. You notice they appear flushed and seem unresponsive. You ask if they are feeling alright and they stare at you blankly. After a few seconds they act as if nothing happened and return to play. Is this a generalized or focal seizure? Based upon this description, what specific type of seizure did this individual experience? - ansgeneralized absence seizure You are seeing a patient with Parkinson's disease in your office. You notice they have difficulty turning themselves around to sit in the chair, freezing in the process. This is an example of what physical manifestation of the disease? - ansbradykinesia _______ is sleep disordered breathing caused by airway obstruction. - ansobstructive sleep apnea Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam Efferent neurons deliver _______ input from the CNS to the periphery. - ansmotor Explain how a chemical synapse produces an excitatory or inhibitory signal. - ansThe presynaptic neuron will secrete neurotransmitters which diffuse into the synaptic cleft and bind to excitatory or inhibitory receptors on the postsynaptic membrane eliciting an excitatory or inhibitory signal in one direction. Primary insomnia is characterized by each of the following except: - anscan also be called comorbid insomnia (comorbid is secondary) Sleep disturbances associated with narcolepsy include each of the following except: - anssleep apnea T/F - Make true if False Astrocytes help to form the blood-brain barrier which prevents toxins from the blood from entering the brain. - anstrue T/F - Make true if False The average age of onset for major depressive disorder is mid-30s; however, the age of onset is increasing in recent times. - ansFalse; average age of onset is DECREASING in recent times. T/F - Make true if False Vital signs increase during stage 1 of NREM sleep. - ansfalse, vital signs DECREASE during stage 1 of NREM sleep T/F - Make true if False Wandering episodes are characteristic of severe Alzheimer's disease. - ansFalse, wandering episodes increase in moderate Alzheimer's disease. What type of seizure manifests with a blank stare, lasts only for a few seconds, and often goes unnoticed? - ansabsence seizure You are babysitting a 7-year-old child with a known history of seizure activity. You notice they appear flushed and seem unresponsive. You ask if they are feeling alright and they stare at you blankly. After a few seconds they act as if nothing happened and return to play. Is this a generalized or focal seizure? Based upon this description, what specific type of seizure did this individual experience? - ansgeneralized absence seizure Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam You are seeing a patient with Parkinson's disease in your office. You notice they have difficulty turning themselves around to sit in the chair, freezing in the process. This is an example of what physical manifestation of the disease? - ansbradykinesia _______ is sleep disordered breathing caused by airway obstruction. - ansobstructive sleep apnea _______ work by blocking membrane receptors and the subsequent reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. - anstri-cyclic anti-depressants ________ utilizes electric impulses to inhibit or stop the abnormal nerve activity that causes tremor and other unwanted movement patterns associated with Parkinson's disease. - ansdeep brain stimulation A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by their spouse at 8 pm. The spouse reports that they were cleaning up after dinner at approximately 6:30 pm, and she noticed that her husband's speech was very unclear. When she asked him what was going on, he said that he didn't know and that the entire right side of his face felt numb. She reports that he is very active, but he has a past medical history of atrial fibrillation. Based upon these symptoms and past medical history, what do you suspect this patient is experiencing? How would you confirm this diagnosis? What treatment should be administered? Explain why you chose that treatment. - ansThis patient is more than likely experiencing an ischemic stroke. A CT scan and MRI would be needed to determine if a clot was blocking blood flow to the brain tissue and to rule out a hemorrhagic stroke. If a clot is found, this patient should receive tPA drugs as they are within the 3-4.5 hour treatment window. A patient experiences a seizure that manifests with repetitive hand rubbing and reports of hallucinations right before the seizure occurred. They have experienced which type of seizure? - ansfocal seizure with impairment of consciousness or awareness A patient is being seen in your office with a primary complaint of daytime fatigue that has lasted for the past 2 months. They go on to tell you that they are having difficulty with work performance and are constantly on edge. You suspect they have chronic insomnia. What are the 4 primary symptoms of insomnia? Describe a nonpharmacologic treatment plan that you can prescribe for this patient. - ansThe 4 primary symptoms of insomnia are: Difficulty initiating sleep Difficulty maintaining sleep Waking up too early Chronic nonrestorative or poor sleep Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam You would educate the patient on proper sleep hygiene and encourage them to evaluate possible stressors that may need to be removed from their daily routine. Sleep hygiene involves the establishment of consistent sleep patterns (going to bed at the same time each night and only sleeping as long as one needs to feel refreshed during the day), creating a comfortable sleeping environment (optimal room temperature), avoidance of screens and excessive light right before bed, and finally, avoidance of stimulants (caffeine) several hours prior to normal bedtime. A patient is having difficulty tracking their eye laterally. Which cranial nerve is affected? - ansCN VI A patient reports to the emergency department where you are working at 7 pm. They report that earlier that morning they began to experience numbness in their right leg. They had walked more than usual the day before, so they ignored their symptoms. As the day went on, they noticed that the numbness got worse, and they began to slur their words. By the time they are evaluated, their symptoms begin to subside. The numbness disappears, and their speech returns to normal. What do you suspect this patient has experienced? What is the clinical significance? - ansThis patient has experienced a TIA as their symptoms subsided in less than 24 hours without intervention. However, this should not be ignored as TIAs serve as a warning sign that a stroke can occur in the future. Underlying pathology such as atherosclerosis, etc. must be addressed for prevention. A person reports feelings of anhedonia, guilt, and worthlessness that seem to be worse in the morning. They also exhibit excessive weight loss and experience insomnia. What type of depression are they experiencing? - ansmelancholic depression Connective tissue sheaths that surround the brain and spinal cord providing protection are called the _______. - ansmeninges Delta waves appear in which stage of sleep? - ansstage 3 Describe the importance of brain activity that occurs during REM sleep. - ansDuring this phase of sleep, incoming sensory input is blocked; the brain cannot process it. However, internalized sensory tracts are stimulated allowing previously formed memories to replay in one's mind. Studies have shown that adequate time spent in REM sleep is necessary for normal physiologic and psychologic functioning during periods of wakefulness. Each of the following are modifiable factors related to stroke except: - ansobesity Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam A patient is being seen in your office with a primary complaint of daytime fatigue that has lasted for the past 2 months. They go on to tell you that they are having difficulty with work performance and are constantly on edge. You suspect they have chronic insomnia. What are the 4 primary symptoms of insomnia? Describe a nonpharmacologic treatment plan that you can prescribe for this patient. - ansThe 4 primary symptoms of insomnia are: Difficulty initiating sleep Difficulty maintaining sleep Waking up too early Chronic nonrestorative or poor sleep You would educate the patient on proper sleep hygiene and encourage them to evaluate possible stressors that may need to be removed from their daily routine. Sleep hygiene involves the establishment of consistent sleep patterns (going to bed at the same time each night and only sleeping as long as one needs to feel refreshed during the day), creating a comfortable sleeping environment (optimal room temperature), avoidance of screens and excessive light right before bed, and finally, avoidance of stimulants (caffeine) several hours prior to normal bedtime. A patient is having difficulty tracking their eye laterally. Which cranial nerve is affected? - ansCN VI A patient reports to the emergency department where you are working at 7 pm. They report that earlier that morning they began to experience numbness in their right leg. They had walked more than usual the day before, so they ignored their symptoms. As the day went on, they noticed that the numbness got worse, and they began to slur their words. By the time they are evaluated, their symptoms begin to subside. The numbness disappears, and their speech returns to normal. What do you suspect this patient has experienced? What is the clinical significance? - ansThis patient has experienced a TIA as their symptoms subsided in less than 24 hours without intervention. However, this should not be ignored as TIAs serve as a warning sign that a stroke can occur in the future. Underlying pathology such as atherosclerosis, etc. must be addressed for prevention. A person reports feelings of anhedonia, guilt, and worthlessness that seem to be worse in the morning. They also exhibit excessive weight loss and experience insomnia. What type of depression are they experiencing? - ansmelancholic depression Connective tissue sheaths that surround the brain and spinal cord providing protection are called the _______. - ansmeninges Delta waves appear in which stage of sleep? - ansstage 3 Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam Describe the importance of brain activity that occurs during REM sleep. - ansDuring this phase of sleep, incoming sensory input is blocked; the brain cannot process it. However, internalized sensory tracts are stimulated allowing previously formed memories to replay in one's mind. Studies have shown that adequate time spent in REM sleep is necessary for normal physiologic and psychologic functioning during periods of wakefulness. Each of the following are modifiable factors related to stroke except: - ansobesity Each of the following statements is true of Parkinson's disease except: - ansEnvironmental factors alone lead to disease development Each of the following statements is true regarding Alzheimer's disease except: - ansTau protein is broken down when the neuron that produced it dies Each of the following statements is true regarding the organization of the nervous system except: - ansthe CNS has an afferent and efferent division Efferent neurons deliver _______ input from the CNS to the periphery. - ansmotor Explain how a chemical synapse produces an excitatory or inhibitory signal. - ansThe presynaptic neuron will secrete neurotransmitters which diffuse into the synaptic cleft and bind to excitatory or inhibitory receptors on the postsynaptic membrane eliciting an excitatory or inhibitory signal in one direction. Primary insomnia is characterized by each of the following except: - anscan also be called comorbid insomnia (comorbid is secondary) Sleep disturbances associated with narcolepsy include each of the following except: - anssleep apnea T/F - Make true if False Astrocytes help to form the blood-brain barrier which prevents toxins from the blood from entering the brain. - anstrue T/F - Make true if False The average age of onset for major depressive disorder is mid-30s; however, the age of onset is increasing in recent times. - ansFalse; average age of onset is DECREASING in recent times. Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam T/F - Make true if False Vital signs increase during stage 1 of NREM sleep. - ansfalse, vital signs DECREASE during stage 1 of NREM sleep T/F - Make true if False Wandering episodes are characteristic of severe Alzheimer's disease. - ansFalse, wandering episodes increase in moderate Alzheimer's disease. What type of seizure manifests with a blank stare, lasts only for a few seconds, and often goes unnoticed? - ansabsence seizure You are babysitting a 7-year-old child with a known history of seizure activity. You notice they appear flushed and seem unresponsive. You ask if they are feeling alright and they stare at you blankly. After a few seconds they act as if nothing happened and return to play. Is this a generalized or focal seizure? Based upon this description, what specific type of seizure did this individual experience? - ansgeneralized absence seizure You are seeing a patient with Parkinson's disease in your office. You notice they have difficulty turning themselves around to sit in the chair, freezing in the process. This is an example of what physical manifestation of the disease? - ansbradykinesia _______ is sleep disordered breathing caused by airway obstruction. - ansobstructive sleep apnea _______ work by blocking membrane receptors and the subsequent reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. - anstri-cyclic anti-depressants ________ utilizes electric impulses to inhibit or stop the abnormal nerve activity that causes tremor and other unwanted movement patterns associated with Parkinson's disease. - ansdeep brain stimulation A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by their spouse at 8 pm. The spouse reports that they were cleaning up after dinner at approximately 6:30 pm, and she noticed that her husband's speech was very unclear. When she asked him what was going on, he said that he didn't know and that the entire right side of his face felt numb. She reports that he is very active, but he has a past medical history of atrial fibrillation. Based upon these symptoms and past medical history, what do you suspect this patient is experiencing? How would you confirm this diagnosis? What treatment should be administered? Explain why you chose that treatment. - ansThis patient is more than likely experiencing an ischemic stroke. A CT scan and MRI would be needed to determine if a clot was blocking blood flow to the brain tissue and to rule out a Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam Astrocytes help to form the blood-brain barrier which prevents toxins from the blood from entering the brain. - anstrue T/F - Make true if False The average age of onset for major depressive disorder is mid-30s; however, the age of onset is increasing in recent times. - ansFalse; average age of onset is DECREASING in recent times. T/F - Make true if False Vital signs increase during stage 1 of NREM sleep. - ansfalse, vital signs DECREASE during stage 1 of NREM sleep T/F - Make true if False Wandering episodes are characteristic of severe Alzheimer's disease. - ansFalse, wandering episodes increase in moderate Alzheimer's disease. What type of seizure manifests with a blank stare, lasts only for a few seconds, and often goes unnoticed? - ansabsence seizure You are babysitting a 7-year-old child with a known history of seizure activity. You notice they appear flushed and seem unresponsive. You ask if they are feeling alright and they stare at you blankly. After a few seconds they act as if nothing happened and return to play. Is this a generalized or focal seizure? Based upon this description, what specific type of seizure did this individual experience? - ansgeneralized absence seizure You are seeing a patient with Parkinson's disease in your office. You notice they have difficulty turning themselves around to sit in the chair, freezing in the process. This is an example of what physical manifestation of the disease? - ansbradykinesia _______ is sleep disordered breathing caused by airway obstruction. - ansobstructive sleep apnea _______ work by blocking membrane receptors and the subsequent reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. - anstri-cyclic anti-depressants ________ utilizes electric impulses to inhibit or stop the abnormal nerve activity that causes tremor and other unwanted movement patterns associated with Parkinson's disease. - ansdeep brain stimulation Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by their spouse at 8 pm. The spouse reports that they were cleaning up after dinner at approximately 6:30 pm, and she noticed that her husband's speech was very unclear. When she asked him what was going on, he said that he didn't know and that the entire right side of his face felt numb. She reports that he is very active, but he has a past medical history of atrial fibrillation. Based upon these symptoms and past medical history, what do you suspect this patient is experiencing? How would you confirm this diagnosis? What treatment should be administered? Explain why you chose that treatment. - ansThis patient is more than likely experiencing an ischemic stroke. A CT scan and MRI would be needed to determine if a clot was blocking blood flow to the brain tissue and to rule out a hemorrhagic stroke. If a clot is found, this patient should receive tPA drugs as they are within the 3-4.5 hour treatment window. A patient experiences a seizure that manifests with repetitive hand rubbing and reports of hallucinations right before the seizure occurred. They have experienced which type of seizure? - ansfocal seizure with impairment of consciousness or awareness A patient is being seen in your office with a primary complaint of daytime fatigue that has lasted for the past 2 months. They go on to tell you that they are having difficulty with work performance and are constantly on edge. You suspect they have chronic insomnia. What are the 4 primary symptoms of insomnia? Describe a nonpharmacologic treatment plan that you can prescribe for this patient. - ansThe 4 primary symptoms of insomnia are: Difficulty initiating sleep Difficulty maintaining sleep Waking up too early Chronic nonrestorative or poor sleep You would educate the patient on proper sleep hygiene and encourage them to evaluate possible stressors that may need to be removed from their daily routine. Sleep hygiene involves the establishment of consistent sleep patterns (going to bed at the same time each night and only sleeping as long as one needs to feel refreshed during the day), creating a comfortable sleeping environment (optimal room temperature), avoidance of screens and excessive light right before bed, and finally, avoidance of stimulants (caffeine) several hours prior to normal bedtime. A patient is having difficulty tracking their eye laterally. Which cranial nerve is affected? - ansCN VI A patient reports to the emergency department where you are working at 7 pm. They report that earlier that morning they began to experience numbness in their right leg. They had walked more than usual the day before, so they ignored their symptoms. As the day went on, they noticed that the numbness got worse, and they began to slur their Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam words. By the time they are evaluated, their symptoms begin to subside. The numbness disappears, and their speech returns to normal. What do you suspect this patient has experienced? What is the clinical significance? - ansThis patient has experienced a TIA as their symptoms subsided in less than 24 hours without intervention. However, this should not be ignored as TIAs serve as a warning sign that a stroke can occur in the future. Underlying pathology such as atherosclerosis, etc. must be addressed for prevention. A person reports feelings of anhedonia, guilt, and worthlessness that seem to be worse in the morning. They also exhibit excessive weight loss and experience insomnia. What type of depression are they experiencing? - ansmelancholic depression Connective tissue sheaths that surround the brain and spinal cord providing protection are called the _______. - ansmeninges Delta waves appear in which stage of sleep? - ansstage 3 Describe the importance of brain activity that occurs during REM sleep. - ansDuring this phase of sleep, incoming sensory input is blocked; the brain cannot process it. However, internalized sensory tracts are stimulated allowing previously formed memories to replay in one's mind. Studies have shown that adequate time spent in REM sleep is necessary for normal physiologic and psychologic functioning during periods of wakefulness. Each of the following are modifiable factors related to stroke except: - ansobesity Each of the following statements is true of Parkinson's disease except: - ansEnvironmental factors alone lead to disease development Each of the following statements is true regarding Alzheimer's disease except: - ansTau protein is broken down when the neuron that produced it dies Each of the following statements is true regarding the organization of the nervous system except: - ansthe CNS has an afferent and efferent division Efferent neurons deliver _______ input from the CNS to the periphery. - ansmotor Explain how a chemical synapse produces an excitatory or inhibitory signal. - ansThe presynaptic neuron will secrete neurotransmitters which diffuse into the synaptic cleft and bind to excitatory or inhibitory receptors on the postsynaptic membrane eliciting an excitatory or inhibitory signal in one direction. Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam A patient is having difficulty tracking their eye laterally. Which cranial nerve is affected? - ansCN VI A patient reports to the emergency department where you are working at 7 pm. They report that earlier that morning they began to experience numbness in their right leg. They had walked more than usual the day before, so they ignored their symptoms. As the day went on, they noticed that the numbness got worse, and they began to slur their words. By the time they are evaluated, their symptoms begin to subside. The numbness disappears, and their speech returns to normal. What do you suspect this patient has experienced? What is the clinical significance? - ansThis patient has experienced a TIA as their symptoms subsided in less than 24 hours without intervention. However, this should not be ignored as TIAs serve as a warning sign that a stroke can occur in the future. Underlying pathology such as atherosclerosis, etc. must be addressed for prevention. A person reports feelings of anhedonia, guilt, and worthlessness that seem to be worse in the morning. They also exhibit excessive weight loss and experience insomnia. What type of depression are they experiencing? - ansmelancholic depression Connective tissue sheaths that surround the brain and spinal cord providing protection are called the _______. - ansmeninges Delta waves appear in which stage of sleep? - ansstage 3 Describe the importance of brain activity that occurs during REM sleep. - ansDuring this phase of sleep, incoming sensory input is blocked; the brain cannot process it. However, internalized sensory tracts are stimulated allowing previously formed memories to replay in one's mind. Studies have shown that adequate time spent in REM sleep is necessary for normal physiologic and psychologic functioning during periods of wakefulness. Each of the following are modifiable factors related to stroke except: - ansobesity Each of the following statements is true of Parkinson's disease except: - ansEnvironmental factors alone lead to disease development Each of the following statements is true regarding Alzheimer's disease except: - ansTau protein is broken down when the neuron that produced it dies Each of the following statements is true regarding the organization of the nervous system except: - ansthe CNS has an afferent and efferent division Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam Efferent neurons deliver _______ input from the CNS to the periphery. - ansmotor Explain how a chemical synapse produces an excitatory or inhibitory signal. - ansThe presynaptic neuron will secrete neurotransmitters which diffuse into the synaptic cleft and bind to excitatory or inhibitory receptors on the postsynaptic membrane eliciting an excitatory or inhibitory signal in one direction. Primary insomnia is characterized by each of the following except: - anscan also be called comorbid insomnia (comorbid is secondary) Sleep disturbances associated with narcolepsy include each of the following except: - anssleep apnea T/F - Make true if False Astrocytes help to form the blood-brain barrier which prevents toxins from the blood from entering the brain. - anstrue T/F - Make true if False The average age of onset for major depressive disorder is mid-30s; however, the age of onset is increasing in recent times. - ansFalse; average age of onset is DECREASING in recent times. T/F - Make true if False Vital signs increase during stage 1 of NREM sleep. - ansfalse, vital signs DECREASE during stage 1 of NREM sleep T/F - Make true if False Wandering episodes are characteristic of severe Alzheimer's disease. - ansFalse, wandering episodes increase in moderate Alzheimer's disease. What type of seizure manifests with a blank stare, lasts only for a few seconds, and often goes unnoticed? - ansabsence seizure You are babysitting a 7-year-old child with a known history of seizure activity. You notice they appear flushed and seem unresponsive. You ask if they are feeling alright and they stare at you blankly. After a few seconds they act as if nothing happened and return to play. Is this a generalized or focal seizure? Based upon this description, what specific type of seizure did this individual experience? - ansgeneralized absence seizure Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam You are seeing a patient with Parkinson's disease in your office. You notice they have difficulty turning themselves around to sit in the chair, freezing in the process. This is an example of what physical manifestation of the disease? - ansbradykinesia _______ is sleep disordered breathing caused by airway obstruction. - ansobstructive sleep apnea _______ work by blocking membrane receptors and the subsequent reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. - anstri-cyclic anti-depressants ________ utilizes electric impulses to inhibit or stop the abnormal nerve activity that causes tremor and other unwanted movement patterns associated with Parkinson's disease. - ansdeep brain stimulation A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by their spouse at 8 pm. The spouse reports that they were cleaning up after dinner at approximately 6:30 pm, and she noticed that her husband's speech was very unclear. When she asked him what was going on, he said that he didn't know and that the entire right side of his face felt numb. She reports that he is very active, but he has a past medical history of atrial fibrillation. Based upon these symptoms and past medical history, what do you suspect this patient is experiencing? How would you confirm this diagnosis? What treatment should be administered? Explain why you chose that treatment. - ansThis patient is more than likely experiencing an ischemic stroke. A CT scan and MRI would be needed to determine if a clot was blocking blood flow to the brain tissue and to rule out a hemorrhagic stroke. If a clot is found, this patient should receive tPA drugs as they are within the 3-4.5 hour treatment window. A patient experiences a seizure that manifests with repetitive hand rubbing and reports of hallucinations right before the seizure occurred. They have experienced which type of seizure? - ansfocal seizure with impairment of consciousness or awareness A patient is being seen in your office with a primary complaint of daytime fatigue that has lasted for the past 2 months. They go on to tell you that they are having difficulty with work performance and are constantly on edge. You suspect they have chronic insomnia. What are the 4 primary symptoms of insomnia? Describe a nonpharmacologic treatment plan that you can prescribe for this patient. - ansThe 4 primary symptoms of insomnia are: Difficulty initiating sleep Difficulty maintaining sleep Waking up too early Chronic nonrestorative or poor sleep Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam What type of seizure manifests with a blank stare, lasts only for a few seconds, and often goes unnoticed? - ansabsence seizure You are babysitting a 7-year-old child with a known history of seizure activity. You notice they appear flushed and seem unresponsive. You ask if they are feeling alright and they stare at you blankly. After a few seconds they act as if nothing happened and return to play. Is this a generalized or focal seizure? Based upon this description, what specific type of seizure did this individual experience? - ansgeneralized absence seizure You are seeing a patient with Parkinson's disease in your office. You notice they have difficulty turning themselves around to sit in the chair, freezing in the process. This is an example of what physical manifestation of the disease? - ansbradykinesia _______ is sleep disordered breathing caused by airway obstruction. - ansobstructive sleep apnea _______ work by blocking membrane receptors and the subsequent reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. - anstri-cyclic anti-depressants ________ utilizes electric impulses to inhibit or stop the abnormal nerve activity that causes tremor and other unwanted movement patterns associated with Parkinson's disease. - ansdeep brain stimulation A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by their spouse at 8 pm. The spouse reports that they were cleaning up after dinner at approximately 6:30 pm, and she noticed that her husband's speech was very unclear. When she asked him what was going on, he said that he didn't know and that the entire right side of his face felt numb. She reports that he is very active, but he has a past medical history of atrial fibrillation. Based upon these symptoms and past medical history, what do you suspect this patient is experiencing? How would you confirm this diagnosis? What treatment should be administered? Explain why you chose that treatment. - ansThis patient is more than likely experiencing an ischemic stroke. A CT scan and MRI would be needed to determine if a clot was blocking blood flow to the brain tissue and to rule out a hemorrhagic stroke. If a clot is found, this patient should receive tPA drugs as they are within the 3-4.5 hour treatment window. A patient experiences a seizure that manifests with repetitive hand rubbing and reports of hallucinations right before the seizure occurred. They have experienced which type of seizure? - ansfocal seizure with impairment of consciousness or awareness Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam A patient is being seen in your office with a primary complaint of daytime fatigue that has lasted for the past 2 months. They go on to tell you that they are having difficulty with work performance and are constantly on edge. You suspect they have chronic insomnia. What are the 4 primary symptoms of insomnia? Describe a nonpharmacologic treatment plan that you can prescribe for this patient. - ansThe 4 primary symptoms of insomnia are: Difficulty initiating sleep Difficulty maintaining sleep Waking up too early Chronic nonrestorative or poor sleep You would educate the patient on proper sleep hygiene and encourage them to evaluate possible stressors that may need to be removed from their daily routine. Sleep hygiene involves the establishment of consistent sleep patterns (going to bed at the same time each night and only sleeping as long as one needs to feel refreshed during the day), creating a comfortable sleeping environment (optimal room temperature), avoidance of screens and excessive light right before bed, and finally, avoidance of stimulants (caffeine) several hours prior to normal bedtime. A patient is having difficulty tracking their eye laterally. Which cranial nerve is affected? - ansCN VI A patient reports to the emergency department where you are working at 7 pm. They report that earlier that morning they began to experience numbness in their right leg. They had walked more than usual the day before, so they ignored their symptoms. As the day went on, they noticed that the numbness got worse, and they began to slur their words. By the time they are evaluated, their symptoms begin to subside. The numbness disappears, and their speech returns to normal. What do you suspect this patient has experienced? What is the clinical significance? - ansThis patient has experienced a TIA as their symptoms subsided in less than 24 hours without intervention. However, this should not be ignored as TIAs serve as a warning sign that a stroke can occur in the future. Underlying pathology such as atherosclerosis, etc. must be addressed for prevention. A person reports feelings of anhedonia, guilt, and worthlessness that seem to be worse in the morning. They also exhibit excessive weight loss and experience insomnia. What type of depression are they experiencing? - ansmelancholic depression Connective tissue sheaths that surround the brain and spinal cord providing protection are called the _______. - ansmeninges Delta waves appear in which stage of sleep? - ansstage 3 Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam Describe the importance of brain activity that occurs during REM sleep. - ansDuring this phase of sleep, incoming sensory input is blocked; the brain cannot process it. However, internalized sensory tracts are stimulated allowing previously formed memories to replay in one's mind. Studies have shown that adequate time spent in REM sleep is necessary for normal physiologic and psychologic functioning during periods of wakefulness. Each of the following are modifiable factors related to stroke except: - ansobesity Each of the following statements is true of Parkinson's disease except: - ansEnvironmental factors alone lead to disease development Each of the following statements is true regarding Alzheimer's disease except: - ansTau protein is broken down when the neuron that produced it dies Each of the following statements is true regarding the organization of the nervous system except: - ansthe CNS has an afferent and efferent division Efferent neurons deliver _______ input from the CNS to the periphery. - ansmotor Explain how a chemical synapse produces an excitatory or inhibitory signal. - ansThe presynaptic neuron will secrete neurotransmitters which diffuse into the synaptic cleft and bind to excitatory or inhibitory receptors on the postsynaptic membrane eliciting an excitatory or inhibitory signal in one direction. Primary insomnia is characterized by each of the following except: - anscan also be called comorbid insomnia (comorbid is secondary) Sleep disturbances associated with narcolepsy include each of the following except: - anssleep apnea T/F - Make true if False Astrocytes help to form the blood-brain barrier which prevents toxins from the blood from entering the brain. - anstrue T/F - Make true if False The average age of onset for major depressive disorder is mid-30s; however, the age of onset is increasing in recent times. - ansFalse; average age of onset is DECREASING in recent times. Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam A person reports feelings of anhedonia, guilt, and worthlessness that seem to be worse in the morning. They also exhibit excessive weight loss and experience insomnia. What type of depression are they experiencing? - ansmelancholic depression Connective tissue sheaths that surround the brain and spinal cord providing protection are called the _______. - ansmeninges Delta waves appear in which stage of sleep? - ansstage 3 Describe the importance of brain activity that occurs during REM sleep. - ansDuring this phase of sleep, incoming sensory input is blocked; the brain cannot process it. However, internalized sensory tracts are stimulated allowing previously formed memories to replay in one's mind. Studies have shown that adequate time spent in REM sleep is necessary for normal physiologic and psychologic functioning during periods of wakefulness. Each of the following are modifiable factors related to stroke except: - ansobesity Each of the following statements is true of Parkinson's disease except: - ansEnvironmental factors alone lead to disease development Each of the following statements is true regarding Alzheimer's disease except: - ansTau protein is broken down when the neuron that produced it dies Each of the following statements is true regarding the organization of the nervous system except: - ansthe CNS has an afferent and efferent division Efferent neurons deliver _______ input from the CNS to the periphery. - ansmotor Explain how a chemical synapse produces an excitatory or inhibitory signal. - ansThe presynaptic neuron will secrete neurotransmitters which diffuse into the synaptic cleft and bind to excitatory or inhibitory receptors on the postsynaptic membrane eliciting an excitatory or inhibitory signal in one direction. Primary insomnia is characterized by each of the following except: - anscan also be called comorbid insomnia (comorbid is secondary) Sleep disturbances associated with narcolepsy include each of the following except: - anssleep apnea T/F - Make true if False Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam Astrocytes help to form the blood-brain barrier which prevents toxins from the blood from entering the brain. - anstrue T/F - Make true if False The average age of onset for major depressive disorder is mid-30s; however, the age of onset is increasing in recent times. - ansFalse; average age of onset is DECREASING in recent times. T/F - Make true if False Vital signs increase during stage 1 of NREM sleep. - ansfalse, vital signs DECREASE during stage 1 of NREM sleep T/F - Make true if False Wandering episodes are characteristic of severe Alzheimer's disease. - ansFalse, wandering episodes increase in moderate Alzheimer's disease. What type of seizure manifests with a blank stare, lasts only for a few seconds, and often goes unnoticed? - ansabsence seizure You are babysitting a 7-year-old child with a known history of seizure activity. You notice they appear flushed and seem unresponsive. You ask if they are feeling alright and they stare at you blankly. After a few seconds they act as if nothing happened and return to play. Is this a generalized or focal seizure? Based upon this description, what specific type of seizure did this individual experience? - ansgeneralized absence seizure You are seeing a patient with Parkinson's disease in your office. You notice they have difficulty turning themselves around to sit in the chair, freezing in the process. This is an example of what physical manifestation of the disease? - ansbradykinesia _______ is sleep disordered breathing caused by airway obstruction. - ansobstructive sleep apnea _______ work by blocking membrane receptors and the subsequent reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. - anstri-cyclic anti-depressants ________ utilizes electric impulses to inhibit or stop the abnormal nerve activity that causes tremor and other unwanted movement patterns associated with Parkinson's disease. - ansdeep brain stimulation Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by their spouse at 8 pm. The spouse reports that they were cleaning up after dinner at approximately 6:30 pm, and she noticed that her husband's speech was very unclear. When she asked him what was going on, he said that he didn't know and that the entire right side of his face felt numb. She reports that he is very active, but he has a past medical history of atrial fibrillation. Based upon these symptoms and past medical history, what do you suspect this patient is experiencing? How would you confirm this diagnosis? What treatment should be administered? Explain why you chose that treatment. - ansThis patient is more than likely experiencing an ischemic stroke. A CT scan and MRI would be needed to determine if a clot was blocking blood flow to the brain tissue and to rule out a hemorrhagic stroke. If a clot is found, this patient should receive tPA drugs as they are within the 3-4.5 hour treatment window. A patient experiences a seizure that manifests with repetitive hand rubbing and reports of hallucinations right before the seizure occurred. They have experienced which type of seizure? - ansfocal seizure with impairment of consciousness or awareness A patient is being seen in your office with a primary complaint of daytime fatigue that has lasted for the past 2 months. They go on to tell you that they are having difficulty with work performance and are constantly on edge. You suspect they have chronic insomnia. What are the 4 primary symptoms of insomnia? Describe a nonpharmacologic treatment plan that you can prescribe for this patient. - ansThe 4 primary symptoms of insomnia are: Difficulty initiating sleep Difficulty maintaining sleep Waking up too early Chronic nonrestorative or poor sleep You would educate the patient on proper sleep hygiene and encourage them to evaluate possible stressors that may need to be removed from their daily routine. Sleep hygiene involves the establishment of consistent sleep patterns (going to bed at the same time each night and only sleeping as long as one needs to feel refreshed during the day), creating a comfortable sleeping environment (optimal room temperature), avoidance of screens and excessive light right before bed, and finally, avoidance of stimulants (caffeine) several hours prior to normal bedtime. A patient is having difficulty tracking their eye laterally. Which cranial nerve is affected? - ansCN VI A patient reports to the emergency department where you are working at 7 pm. They report that earlier that morning they began to experience numbness in their right leg. They had walked more than usual the day before, so they ignored their symptoms. As the day went on, they noticed that the numbness got worse, and they began to slur their Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam _______ work by blocking membrane receptors and the subsequent reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. - anstri-cyclic anti-depressants ________ utilizes electric impulses to inhibit or stop the abnormal nerve activity that causes tremor and other unwanted movement patterns associated with Parkinson's disease. - ansdeep brain stimulation A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by their spouse at 8 pm. The spouse reports that they were cleaning up after dinner at approximately 6:30 pm, and she noticed that her husband's speech was very unclear. When she asked him what was going on, he said that he didn't know and that the entire right side of his face felt numb. She reports that he is very active, but he has a past medical history of atrial fibrillation. Based upon these symptoms and past medical history, what do you suspect this patient is experiencing? How would you confirm this diagnosis? What treatment should be administered? Explain why you chose that treatment. - ansThis patient is more than likely experiencing an ischemic stroke. A CT scan and MRI would be needed to determine if a clot was blocking blood flow to the brain tissue and to rule out a hemorrhagic stroke. If a clot is found, this patient should receive tPA drugs as they are within the 3-4.5 hour treatment window. A patient experiences a seizure that manifests with repetitive hand rubbing and reports of hallucinations right before the seizure occurred. They have experienced which type of seizure? - ansfocal seizure with impairment of consciousness or awareness A patient is being seen in your office with a primary complaint of daytime fatigue that has lasted for the past 2 months. They go on to tell you that they are having difficulty with work performance and are constantly on edge. You suspect they have chronic insomnia. What are the 4 primary symptoms of insomnia? Describe a nonpharmacologic treatment plan that you can prescribe for this patient. - ansThe 4 primary symptoms of insomnia are: Difficulty initiating sleep Difficulty maintaining sleep Waking up too early Chronic nonrestorative or poor sleep You would educate the patient on proper sleep hygiene and encourage them to evaluate possible stressors that may need to be removed from their daily routine. Sleep hygiene involves the establishment of consistent sleep patterns (going to bed at the same time each night and only sleeping as long as one needs to feel refreshed during the day), creating a comfortable sleeping environment (optimal room temperature), avoidance of screens and excessive light right before bed, and finally, avoidance of stimulants (caffeine) several hours prior to normal bedtime. Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam A patient is having difficulty tracking their eye laterally. Which cranial nerve is affected? - ansCN VI A patient reports to the emergency department where you are working at 7 pm. They report that earlier that morning they began to experience numbness in their right leg. They had walked more than usual the day before, so they ignored their symptoms. As the day went on, they noticed that the numbness got worse, and they began to slur their words. By the time they are evaluated, their symptoms begin to subside. The numbness disappears, and their speech returns to normal. What do you suspect this patient has experienced? What is the clinical significance? - ansThis patient has experienced a TIA as their symptoms subsided in less than 24 hours without intervention. However, this should not be ignored as TIAs serve as a warning sign that a stroke can occur in the future. Underlying pathology such as atherosclerosis, etc. must be addressed for prevention. A person reports feelings of anhedonia, guilt, and worthlessness that seem to be worse in the morning. They also exhibit excessive weight loss and experience insomnia. What type of depression are they experiencing? - ansmelancholic depression Connective tissue sheaths that surround the brain and spinal cord providing protection are called the _______. - ansmeninges Delta waves appear in which stage of sleep? - ansstage 3 Describe the importance of brain activity that occurs during REM sleep. - ansDuring this phase of sleep, incoming sensory input is blocked; the brain cannot process it. However, internalized sensory tracts are stimulated allowing previously formed memories to replay in one's mind. Studies have shown that adequate time spent in REM sleep is necessary for normal physiologic and psychologic functioning during periods of wakefulness. Each of the following are modifiable factors related to stroke except: - ansobesity Each of the following statements is true of Parkinson's disease except: - ansEnvironmental factors alone lead to disease development Each of the following statements is true regarding Alzheimer's disease except: - ansTau protein is broken down when the neuron that produced it dies Each of the following statements is true regarding the organization of the nervous system except: - ansthe CNS has an afferent and efferent division Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam Efferent neurons deliver _______ input from the CNS to the periphery. - ansmotor Explain how a chemical synapse produces an excitatory or inhibitory signal. - ansThe presynaptic neuron will secrete neurotransmitters which diffuse into the synaptic cleft and bind to excitatory or inhibitory receptors on the postsynaptic membrane eliciting an excitatory or inhibitory signal in one direction. Primary insomnia is characterized by each of the following except: - anscan also be called comorbid insomnia (comorbid is secondary) Sleep disturbances associated with narcolepsy include each of the following except: - anssleep apnea T/F - Make true if False Astrocytes help to form the blood-brain barrier which prevents toxins from the blood from entering the brain. - anstrue T/F - Make true if False The average age of onset for major depressive disorder is mid-30s; however, the age of onset is increasing in recent times. - ansFalse; average age of onset is DECREASING in recent times. T/F - Make true if False Vital signs increase during stage 1 of NREM sleep. - ansfalse, vital signs DECREASE during stage 1 of NREM sleep T/F - Make true if False Wandering episodes are characteristic of severe Alzheimer's disease. - ansFalse, wandering episodes increase in moderate Alzheimer's disease. What type of seizure manifests with a blank stare, lasts only for a few seconds, and often goes unnoticed? - ansabsence seizure You are babysitting a 7-year-old child with a known history of seizure activity. You notice they appear flushed and seem unresponsive. You ask if they are feeling alright and they stare at you blankly. After a few seconds they act as if nothing happened and return to play. Is this a generalized or focal seizure? Based upon this description, what specific type of seizure did this individual experience? - ansgeneralized absence seizure Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam Each of the following statements is true of Parkinson's disease except: - ansEnvironmental factors alone lead to disease development Each of the following statements is true regarding Alzheimer's disease except: - ansTau protein is broken down when the neuron that produced it dies Each of the following statements is true regarding the organization of the nervous system except: - ansthe CNS has an afferent and efferent division Efferent neurons deliver _______ input from the CNS to the periphery. - ansmotor Explain how a chemical synapse produces an excitatory or inhibitory signal. - ansThe presynaptic neuron will secrete neurotransmitters which diffuse into the synaptic cleft and bind to excitatory or inhibitory receptors on the postsynaptic membrane eliciting an excitatory or inhibitory signal in one direction. Primary insomnia is characterized by each of the following except: - anscan also be called comorbid insomnia (comorbid is secondary) Sleep disturbances associated with narcolepsy include each of the following except: - anssleep apnea T/F - Make true if False Astrocytes help to form the blood-brain barrier which prevents toxins from the blood from entering the brain. - anstrue T/F - Make true if False The average age of onset for major depressive disorder is mid-30s; however, the age of onset is increasing in recent times. - ansFalse; average age of onset is DECREASING in recent times. T/F - Make true if False Vital signs increase during stage 1 of NREM sleep. - ansfalse, vital signs DECREASE during stage 1 of NREM sleep T/F - Make true if False Wandering episodes are characteristic of severe Alzheimer's disease. - ansFalse, wandering episodes increase in moderate Alzheimer's disease. Portage pathophysiology module 6 exam What type of seizure manifests with a blank stare, lasts only for a few seconds, and often goes unnoticed? - ansabsence seizure You are babysitting a 7-year-old child with a known history of seizure activity. You notice they appear flushed and seem unresponsive. You ask if they are feeling alright and they stare at you blankly. After a few seconds they act as if nothing happened and return to play. Is this a generalized or focal seizure? Based upon this description, what specific type of seizure did this individual experience? - ansgeneralized absence seizure You are seeing a patient with Parkinson's disease in your office. You notice they have difficulty turning themselves around to sit in the chair, freezing in the process. This is an example of what physical manifestation of the disease? - ansbradykinesia