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College of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering 1 Definitions • Microprocessor • Control only, external memory and I/O required • 8086, M68000, MIPS, SPARC, intel i7… • Microcontroller • Integrated control, memory and I/O on a single chip • AVR, PIC, 8051, MSP… • Microcomputer • Complete systems – CPU, Memory, I/O, Storage, … • PC, Mac, … 2 Microprocessor (CPU) • The CPU controls the operation of the computer. • In a microcomputer the CPU is a microprocessor. • The CPU fetches binary-coded instructions from memory, • It decodes the instructions into a series of simple actions, and • It carries out these actions in a sequence of steps. 5 Ae = Block Diagram of wComputer INPUT DEVICE l INPUT DEVICE 1/0 PORTS CONTROL BUS Microprocessors and Microcontroller Applications DATA BUS CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU) ADDRESS BUS MEMORY (RAM & ROM) Memory • A memory has two purposes 1. To store the sequences of instructions you want the computer to carry out. 2. To store the data with which the computer is going to work. • Generally we have two types of Memory 1. Temporary (Working) Memory: • usually made of flip-flop latches (SRAM) or • transistor-capacitor combinations(DRAM) 2. Permanent (Storage) memory: • usually made of high capacity magnetic/optical discs • (hard drives) or solid state devices (EEPROM, flash…) 7 Ae = Block Diagram of wComputer INPUT DEVICE DATA BUS l INPUT DEVICE 1/0 PORTS CONTROL BUS Microprocessors and Microcontroller Applications CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU) ADDRESS BUS CONTROL BUS MEMORY (RAM & ROM) 10 Address Bus • The address bus consists of 16, 20, 24, or 32 parallel signal lines. On these lines the CPU sends out the address of the memory location that is to be written to or read from. • The number of memory locations that the CPU can address is determined by the number of address lines. If the CPU has N address lines, then it can directly address 2N memory locations. • For example, A CPU with 16 address lines can address 216 or 65,536 memory location’s, and A CPU with 20 address lines can address 220 or 1,048,576 memory location’s. • When the CPU reads data from or writes data to a port, it sends the port address out on the address bus. 11 Ae = Block Diagram of wComputer DATA BUS INPUT DEVICE [-——_,] CONTROL | CENTRAL | CONTROL 1/0 BUS PROCESSING BUS MEMORY ———“ ——— PORTS UNIT (RAM & ROM) INPUT Li (CPU) DEVICE i | I ADDRESS BUS Microprocessors and Microcontroller Applications 12 Control Bus • The control bus consists of 4 to 10 parallel signal lines. • The CPU sends out signals on the control bus to enable the outputs of the addressed memory devices or port devices. • Typical control bus signals are Memory Read, Memory Write, I/O Read, and I/O Write. • Example: To read a byte of data from a memory location • The CPU sends out the memory address of the desired byte on the address bus and then • It sends out a Memory Read signal on the control bus. • The Memory Read Signal enables the addressed memory device to output a data byte onto the data bus. • The data byte from memory travels along the data bus to the CPU 15 Summary of Microcomputer Bus Operation 1. A microcomputer fetches each program instructions in sequence, decodes the instruction, and executes it. 2. The CPU in a microcomputer fetches instructions or reads data from memory by sending out an address on the address bus and a Memory Read signal on the control bus. The memory outputs the addressed instruction or data word to the CPU on the data bus. 3. The CPU writes a data word to memory by sending out an address on the address bus, sending out the data word on the data bus, and sending a Memory Write signal to memory on the control bus. 4. To read data from a port, the CPU send out the port address on the address bus and sends an I/O Read signal to the port device on the control bus. Data from the port comes into the CPU on the data bus. 5. To write data to a port, the CPU sends out the port address on the address bus, sends out the data to be written to the port on the data bus, and sends an I/O Write signal to the port device on the control bus. 16 Evolution of the µP • 1958 The first integrated circuit, in Texas USA • (Jack kilby of TI, and Noyce from Fairchild) • Intel 4004… the first µP • 1971, 4-bit • Intel 8008 • 1972, 8-bit • Originally designed for Datapoint Corp. as a CRT display controller • Intel 8080 • 1974, April - Altair 8800, 1975, MITS (256 bytes of mem, $395) • Apple II -- Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak 1976, Apple inc. • Bill Gates and Allen Paul: BASIC, 1975 --> Microsoft corp. 17 History of Intel’s µP • Intel Core i7 • March 2008, Nehalem micro-architecture, 3.066GHZ • 45nm CMOS process, 731 million trs., up to 8cores/chip • Integrated Memory, graphics and direct media interface controller • Simultaneous hyper-treading, turbo-boost technology,… • 32K instruction & 32K L1 data cache/core, 256K L2 cache/core • 8MB L3 cache, predictive Instruction execution…… • (More on www.intel.com/products/processors/corei7) 20 Compare / Contrast of µPs • We can classify µPs based on • Architecture • Application type • Performance (in terms of speed, power consumption...) • In modern µPs, the best features from the different types is taken to achieve the maximum performance. • Based on Architecture/instruction set, the major categories are RISC (Reduced instruction set computer) and CISC (Complex instruction set computer). 21 Complex Instruction Set Computer • When the 8086 was introduced • Memory – expensive; Compilers – lousy; VLSI – primitive • Keeping the encodings of common instructions short helped in two ways. • It made programs shorter, saving precious memory space. • Shorter instructions can also be fetched faster. • Assembly programming is easier • The 8086-based processors are an example of a complex instruction set computer, or CISC architecture. 22 Computer Number Systems • Revision on binary, hexadecimal, and Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) • Definitions • Bit: is a binary digit. • Nibble: is a 4-bit binary word. • Byte: is an 8-bit binary word. • Word: is a 16-bit binary word. • Least Significant Bit (LSB): is a rightmost bit of a binary word. • Most Significant Bit (MSB): is a leftmost bit of a binary word. 25 Exercise 1. Convert the following decimal/number to binary a. 22 = b. 76 = c. 500 = 2. Convert the following binary numbers to decimal a. 1011 = b. 11010001 = c. 1110111001011001 = 26 10110 1001100 111110100 11 209 61017 Exercise 3. Convert to hexadecimal a. 53 decimal = b. 756 decimal = c. 01101100010 binary = d. 11000010111 binary = 4. Convert the following hexadecimals to binary numbers a. D3H = b. 3FEH = c. 44H = 27 35 2F4 362 617 1101 0011 0011 1111 1110 0100 0100