Musical Terms and Compositions: A Reference Guide, Exams of Music

Download Musical Terms and Compositions: A Reference Guide and more Exams Music in PDF only on Docsity! Praxis II: Music: Content and Instruction exam test 2024 1. Episode - Correct answer Passage that does not state the principal subject (esp in Fugue) 2. Exposition - Correct answer Section in which subject(s) are announced. In Fugue, Sonata, Concerto. 3. Fugue - Correct answer Composition or Section in which subject is answered or repeated by several parts. 4. Hocket - Correct answer Splitting up a melodic line between two voices 5. Leitmotif - Correct answer Musical theme/motive assoc. w a person, thing, emotion or idea in a drama 6. Monody - Correct answer Accompanied solo song 7. Motet - Correct answer Polyphonic vocal composition, sacred text 8. Partita - Correct answer Single variation of a theme, set of such variations. 9. Recapitulation - Correct answer Section of a movement in which the subjects announced in the exposition are reviewed 10.Renaissance - Correct answer 1450-1600; rebirth of secular musical activity/ideals of antiquity. 11.Ripieno - Correct answer Tutti as opposed to solo 12.Rondeau - Correct answer ABaAabAB; one of Formes Fixes 13.Sarabande - Correct answer Slow dance in triple meter often emphasizing the second beat 14.Sonata - Correct answer To be played on one or more instruments; Work in several mvts for one or two solo instruments 15.Sonata form - Correct answer Used mostly in first mvts; Exposition - Development - Recapitulation 16.Stretto - Correct answer Imitation of a subject at a close time-interval 17.Tetrachord - Correct answer Scale of 4 notes spanning a fourth (Greek/Medieval); Set of four pitches (Modern) 18.Toccata - Correct answer Introductory improvised instrumental piece 19.Triplum - Correct answer Second part in early polyphony, set against a Tenor and Duplum 20.Abgesang - Correct answer Bar Form - Song form in which first melodic component is sung 2x w/different texts (Stollen); the remainder (Abgesang) is sung once 21.Ad Libitum - Correct answer Details of execution left to discretion of the performer 22.Aggregate - Correct answer Unordered set of pitch classes of the chromatic scale 23.Air - Correct answer 1. Tune 24.2. Tuneful song in Fr. stage work 25.3. Eng., Fr. art song w/lute or violin accompaniment 26.Air de cour - Correct answer French monodic song 27.Aleatory - Correct answer Deliberately leaving choice of pitches, rhythmic values or order of events to chance. 28.Ambitus - Correct answer Pitch range of a mode or plainchant 29.Antiphonal - Correct answer One group answers the other, perf. method 30.Archlute - Correct answer Lute w/extra peg box for long bass strings tuned diatonically. Theorbo 31.Aria - Correct answer 1. Tune for singing poetry 32.2. Songful monologue or duet in an opera 33.Baroque - Correct answer 1. Bizarre, extravagant 34.2. 1600-1750 77.Trumpet, 1st Valve - Correct answer 1 step 78.Classes - Correct answer I - Tonic 79. ii - Supertonic 80. iii - Mediant 81. IV - Subdominant 82.V - Dominant 83.vi - Submediant 84.vii - Leading Tone 85.Steps of Conducting - Correct answer 1. Preparation 86.2. Ictus 87.3. Rebound 88.4. Penultimate beat placement 89.5. Final beat placement 90.Baroque: Dates - Correct answer 1600 - 1750 91.Baroque: Musical Characteristics - Correct answer Decorative, filled w/ornaments, few dynamic markings 92.Baroque: Composers - Correct answer Vivaldi, Handel, Bach, Pachelbel 93.Classical: Dates - Correct answer 1750 - 1825 94.Classical: Musical Characteristics - Correct answer Reserved, intellectual, rational-sounding. Controlled compositions. Great growth in string section. 95.Classical: Composers - Correct answer Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Mendelssohn 96.Classical: Orchestra Size - Correct answer 30 - 50; Marked increase in # of string players. 97.Romantic: Dates - Correct answer 1825 - 1900 98.Romantic: Musical Characteristics - Correct answer Conveyed feeling, programmatic, used nature for inspiration, Nationalistic, incorporation of folk tunes. 99.Romantic: Composers - Correct answer Weber, Chopin, Brahms, Dvorak, Grieg, Tchiakovsky 100. Modern: Dates - Correct answer 1900 - Present 101. Modern: Characteristics - Correct answer Unconventional sources of inspiration; broke molds of traditional harmony. 102. Modern: Composers - Correct answer Debussy, Ravel, Stravinsky, Prokofiev, Copland, Gershwin 103. Horn - Correct answer It. - Corno 104. Fr. - Cor 105. Ger. - Horn 106. Trumpet (tr. or tpt.) - Correct answer It. - Tromba 107. Fr. - Trompette 108. Ger. - Trompete 109. Trombone (trb. or tbn.) - Correct answer It. - Trombone 110. Fr. - Trombone 111. Ger. - Posaune 112. Tuba (t.) - Correct answer It. - Tuba 113. Fr. - Tuba 114. Ger. - Tuba 115. Strings - Correct answer It. - Archi 116. Fr. - Cordes 117. Ger. - Streichinstrumente 118. Violin (vl.) - Correct answer It. - Violino 119. Fr. - Violon 120. Ger. - Violine or Geige 121. Viola (vla.) - Correct answer It. - Viola 122. Fr. - Alto 123. Ger. - Bratsche 124. Violoncello (vlc.) - Correct answer It. - Violoncello 125. Fr. - Violoncelle 126. Ger. - Violoncell 127. Double Bass (d.b.) - Correct answer It. - Contrabasso 128. Fr. - Contrabasse 129. Ger. - Kontrabass 130. Harp - Correct answer It. - Arpa 131. Fr. - Harpe 132. Ger. - Harfe 133. Nestico - Correct answer Band Arranger 134. Bocook - Correct answer Band Composer & Arranger 135. Dackow - Correct answer String Arranger/Orchestral Arranger 136. Eilers - Correct answer Choral Arranger 137. Theory of Multiple Intelligences - Correct answer Gardner; Differentiates intelligence into specific modalities: - musical-rhythmic, visual-spatial, verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic; Little evidence by way of studies to support model. 138. Teaching Sequence: General Music - Correct answer 1. Preparation 139. 2. Presentation 140. 3. Practice 141. 4. Execution 142. Hall Johnson, William Dawson & Jesper Hairston - Correct answer Arrangers of Spirituals 143. Bennett Reimer - Correct answer "A Philosophy of Music Ed" 144. Aesthetic Education 145. Art ---> Subjective, a teacher of feeling 146. Students explore value through: Composition, Listening, Music Theory & Performance 147. Woodwinds - Correct answer It. - Legni 148. Fr. - Bois 149. Ger. - Holzblazer 150. Piccolo (picc.) - Correct answer It. - Ottovino 151. Fr. - Petite Flute 152. Ger. - Kleine Flote 153. Flute (fl.) - Correct answer It. - Flauto 154. Fr. - Flute 155. Ger. - Flote 156. Oboe (ob.) - Correct answer It. - Oboe 157. Fr. - Hautbois 158. Ger. - Oboe 159. English Horn (Eng. hn.) - Correct answer It. - Corno Onglese 201. Fr +6 - Correct answer The characteristic augmented sixth interval, the tonic pitch and the second scale degree. 202. Ger +6 - Correct answer The characteristic augmented sixth interval, the tonic pitch, and the lowered third. 203. Anitquity (Dates) - Correct answer 500 BC - 500 AD 204. Medieval (Dates) - Correct answer 500 - 1400 205. Renaissance (Dates) - Correct answer 1400 - 1600 206. Baroque (Dates) - Correct answer 1600 - 1750 207. Classical (Dates) - Correct answer 1750 - 1825 208. Romantic (Dates) - Correct answer 1825 - 1900 209. Modern / 20th Century (Dates) - Correct answer 1900 - Present 210. Bouree - Correct answer French Baroque dance in fast duple meter 211. Cantata * - Correct answer Music composition using scared texts (Baroque) 212. Chanson - Correct answer A French polyphonic song (Late Middle Ages & Renaissance) 213. Chorale - Correct answer Protestant hymn melody (Baroque) 214. Choral Prelude - Correct answer Composition for an organ, played before congregation begins to sing (Baroque) 215. Concerto - Correct answer Composition for an orchestra & 1 or more solo instrument (Classical) 216. Divertimento - Correct answer Chamber Music (Classical) 217. Etude - Correct answer A study piece, composition for development of technique 218. Fanfare - Correct answer Loud brass instruments (esp. trumpets), Major triad. Ex: 'Fanfare for the Common Man' 219. Fugue * - Correct answer Imitative polyphonic composition, themes repeat 220. Gavotte - Correct answer French peasant dance (Baroque) 221. Gigue - Correct answer Popular Baroque dance, fugal style. 222. Madrigal - Correct answer A secular song for 2 or 3 unaccompanied voices (Renaissance) 223. Motet * - Correct answer Polyphonic composition sacred text w/o accompaniment (Renaissance) 224. Opera - Correct answer A musical dramatic work 225. Organum - Correct answer Plain chant, note against note counterpoint (Medieval) 226. Passacaglia - Correct answer Continuous variation on ground bass, similar to Chaconne (Baroque) 227. Recitative - Correct answer Spoken Song (Romantic) 228. Rondeau * - Correct answer French Lyrical poem (Renaissance) 229. Sarabande * - Correct answer Slow dance in triple meter often emphasizing the second beat (Baroque) 230. Sonata * - Correct answer composition for 1 or more solo instruments, one of which is usually a keyboard instrument, usually consisting of of 3 or 4 independent movements varying in key, mood, and tempo 231. String Quartet - Correct answer 2 Violins, Viola & Cello (Classical) 232. Suite - Correct answer An instrumental composition consisting of a series of varying movements or pieces 233. Symphonic Poem - Correct answer Orchestral Form (Ex. Lizst) (Romantic) 234. Toccata - Correct answer Keyboard piece, free in form, that displays dexterity (Baroque) 235. Rim Shot - Correct answer [Drumming technique] 1 loud hit 236. Flam - Correct answer [Drumming technique] 1 beat preceding 1 beat (Ex. ba-dop) 237. Drag - Correct answer [Drumming technique] 2 beats preceding 1 beat (Ex. ba/da-bop) 238. Paradiddle - Correct answer [Drumming technique] par-a-di-dle 239. Classical (Characteristics) - Correct answer Simple melodies, refined strings, strings dominate, Alberti Bass 240. Medieval (Characteristics) - Correct answer Monophonic, plain chant 241. Renaissance (Characteristics) - Correct answer Polyphonic, no instruments, Motet & Madrigal 242. Baroque (Characteristics) - Correct answer Small orchestras w/basso continuo, keyboards 243. Accelerando - Correct answer Gradually accelerating or getting faster 244. Anacrusis - Correct answer An upbeat or pickup note(s); a termused for unstressed notes at the beginning of a phrase of music. 245. Augmentation - Correct answer Statement of a melody in longer note values, often twice as slow as the original. 246. Diminution - Correct answer Note values are shortened, usually by half. 247. Marcato - Correct answer marked, emphatic 248. rubato - Correct answer perform freely 249. alla breve - Correct answer A tempo marking indicating a quick duple meter 2/2 250. poco a poco - Correct answer little by little 251. adagio - Correct answer slow 252. Ad Libitum (ad. lib.) - Correct answer At liberty 253. Allagrando (allag.) - Correct answer Broaden out 254. Allegretto - Correct answer Slower than Allegro 255. Allegro - Correct answer Fast (Tempo = 120 - 168) 256. Andante - Correct answer Slow; in a walking style (Tempo = 76 - 108) 257. Andantino - Correct answer A little faster than Andante 294. Peter and the Wolf [Music Learning K-12] - Correct answer Peter and the Wolf (Prokofiev), is a piece most appropriate for introducing the instruments of the orchestra to Elementary General Music Students. 295. How long should Elementary Students receive Music Instruction? [Music Learning K-12] - Correct answer In elementary school, each student receives general music instruction each week for at least 90 minutes, excluding time devoted to elective instrumental or choral instruction. Music is woven into the curriculum throughout the day. 296. Beginning Instruction: Strings & Woodwinds [Music Learning K-12] - Correct answer Instruction on string instruments begins no later than 4th grade. Instruction on wind & percussion instruments begins no later than 5th grade. For the 1st year of instrumental study, students are taught at least part of the time in homogenous instrumental groupings. 297. Alexander Technique [Music Learning K-12] - Correct answer Alexander Technique has a long history of helping instrumentalists and singers to perform with less stress and likelihood of injury. Students learn to identify and change patterns that lead to aches pains, shallow breathing and performance anxiety. 298. K-4 Vocal Range [Music Learning K-12] - Correct answer K-4 vocal range is about an octave starting with Middle C (C4) 299. Music Sequencing and its effect on Music Education [Music Learning K- 12] - Correct answer Music sequencing is similar to linguistic structuring as it relates to the audience member: patterns of melody, harmony and rhythm work together better with appropriately defined tone, key and chord structures. Infants are able to approximate tone and young children can reproduce short or limited contours with some discrepancy in pitch. Early childhood music education opportunities to learn to produce pitches accurately and distinguish between scale and key structure. 300. Johann Amos Comenius [Music Learning K-12] - Correct answer Johann Amos Comenius believed that the educator of children should begin immediately so that the child could learn about faith, cognizance of moral actions and familarity with arts and language. Comenius felt that music education was instinctual for children who first learn to make sound through vocalizations. 301. Acculturation of Preparatory Audiation [Music Learning K-12] - Correct answer Absorption - 1st 18 months (inc. listening) 302. Random Response - 1-3 years (involves participation) 303. purposeful response - 18mo - 3 years (contribute to music) 304. What is the Music Educators Role? [Music Learning K-12] - Correct answer Educators are responsible for making music a positive influence on students. All teachers should seek out ways to prepare for curriculum planning and designing instructions that are appropriate for the child's particular education level. Music combines with all developmental, cognitive, language, physical, emotional and social arenas of education and places the music educator in an important, multifaceted role. Music educators should be able to guide children in their musical experiences and encourage progress as it occurs. 305. Working with rhythm in instruments in the classroom [Music Learning K- 12] - Correct answer Rhythm instruments such as shakers, cowbells, drums, and tambourines are the easiest to work with when instructing children about rhythm, beat, and tempo since they are small, and children can easily be taught to use them correctly. Children should be introduced to these instruments and how they work to produce sound before being taught simple melodies. Once students are familiar, they can be instructed to incorporate those sounds in their exercises. 306. Involvement of Parents [Music Learning K-12] - Correct answer Parents should always be encouraged to become more active in their child's education and musical development. Music educators should make an effort to include parents in discussions of instruments or musical practice. Parents are teachers first and a full support from them will help the child learn the importance of education. Music educators should always seek out ways to keep parents involved, such as through band support programs or fund-raising. 307. Sound Exploration Areas [Music Learning K-12] - Correct answer Young children need a place to experiment with musical instruments and sounds that is separated from other groups that may be involved in more directed study. Children should be free to work with instruments such as the bells, shakers, claves, drums, tambourines, and castanets as loudly as the child chooses. All sound exploration should be hands on. 308. How should Music Educators introduce music instruments? [Music Learning K-12] - Correct answer The music educator should give instruction on each instrument, how to use the instrument, and then allow the child to replicate that instruction and then to improvise. Music educators should respond positively to a student's efforts. 309. Why is singing and chanting important with young children? [Music Learning K-12] - Correct answer Rhythmic songs and chants are important for children to understand the combination of sounds and beats and apply the process to their own sensory perceptions. When music educators participate in the singing or chanting, they can interact with the children, and show them how much fun moving to music and creating music can be for all ages. Music educators can teach songs in small segments, through repetition, or through example. 310. Creative and Synchronized Movement [Music Learning K-12] - Correct answer Movements that are associated with music and performed as dances or exercise by young children are classified as either creative movement or synchronized movement. Creative movement gives children freer expression and allows them to improvise and enjoy the act itself. Synchronized movement follows an established routine and is choreographed to the rhythm and beat of the selected music. Creative movement allows children to freely express themselves to song, while synchronized movement helps children work as a group and realize the importance of teamwork. 311. Why music educators should model movements in teaching creative movement...[Music Learning K-12] - Correct answer Children will often watch the movements of those around them. Music educators can show students how to do a particular movement to a song, and then let the children copy what they have seen. Any type of movement should be at the child's developmental level. Music educators can show children how to move faster or slower through music. They can also be introduced to dynamics with loud marching or tiptoeing. Teachers can teach about changes in phrasing by changing direction. 312. Creative Movement [Music Learning K-12] - Correct answer Creative movement involves a child's interpretation of the song without paying attention to the beat. Children should be familiar with walking, marching, running, galloping, dancing, clapping, sliding, jumping, and hopping to music. 313. Synchronized Movement [Music Learning K-12] - Correct answer By following a pre-set order of movements to music, children are able to begin to understand a connection between feeling and hearing the music. Children can later apply this connection and develop a steady beat or pulse. There are four stages for young children's understanding the beat of music. 314. 1)Unable to respond to the beat. 315. 2)Responds with too much. 316. 3)Narrow down response to the beat. 317. 4)Able to clap or step to the beat. 318. Using props during synchronized movement helps children to focus on the movements as they relate to the music and create the movements with greater confidence. (ex. scarves, streamers, ribbons, parachute) 319. Software and Materials for the High School classroom [Music Learning K- 12] - Correct answer Aside from the computer centers, the technological music classroom for high school should contain at least different software programs that deal with listening, analyzing, reading, and describing various types of music. Creation, improvisation, and composition software should be available. Students should be encouraged to utilize the technology for practice and performance, - Review of previous pieces - repetition - Play in groups a public performance - Parental Involvement 340. Aerophones - Correct answer a class of instruments that produce their sound by the vibration of air, i.e., flute or clarinet 341. Chordophones - Correct answer a class of instruments that produce their sound by means of vibrating strings stretched between fixed points, i.e. guitar, violin, and etc. 342. Idiophones - Correct answer class of instruments that produce their sound by the vibration of the instrument itself, i.e. castanets, rattles, glass harmonics, and etc. 343. Membranophones - Correct answer a class of instruments that produce their sound by the vibration of a membrane or head i.e., drums 344. Flutter tongue - Correct answer a special effect on the flute and occasionally other wind instruments consisting of the rapid insertion of the tongue into the blowhole resulting in a rapid staccato 345. Single: (t-t-t) 346. Double: (t-k t-k t-k) 347. Triple: (t-k-t t-k-t) 348. Col legno - Correct answer hit the strings with the wooden part of the bow 349. Coloratura soprano - Correct answer A type of operatic soprano who specializes in music that is distinguished by agile runs and leaps. The term coloratura refers to the elaborate ornamentation of a melody, which is a typical component of the music written for this voice 350. Lyric soprano - Correct answer a type of operatic soprano that has a warm quality with a bright, full timbre which can be heard over an orchestra 351. Soubrette - Correct answer A soubrette voice is light with a bright, sweet timbre, a tessitura in the mid-range, and with no extensive coloratura.A soubrette's range extends approximately from middle C (C4) to "high C" (C6). The voice has a lighter vocal weight than other soprano voices with a brighter timbre 352. Spinto - Correct answer a category of operatic soprano voice that has the limpidity and easy high notes of a lyric soprano, yet can be "pushed" on to achieve dramatic climaxes without strain. This type of voice may possess a somewhat darker timbre, too, than the average lyric soprano. It generally uses squillo to "slice" through the sound of a full orchestra, rather than singing over the orchestra like a true dramatic soprano 353. Dramatic Soprano - Correct answer a type of operatic soprano with a powerful, rich, emotive voice that can sing over, or cut through, a full orchestra. Thicker vocal folds in dramatic voices usually (but not always) mean less agility than lighter voices but a sustained, fuller sound. Usually this voice has a lower tessitura than other sopranos, and a darker timbre 354. Lyric Tenor - Correct answer A warm graceful voice with a bright, full timbre that is strong but not heavy and can be heard over an orchestra. Lyric tenors have a range from approximately the C one octave below middle C (C3) to the D one octave above middle C (D5) with some able to sing up to E5 and higher. Similarly, their lower range may extend a few notes below the C3. There are many vocal shades to the lyric tenor group 355. Leggiero - Correct answer a lightweight, flexible tenor type of voice, The leggiero tenor can go quite low, the A or so below the low C 356. Spinto Tenor - Correct answer a vocal term used to characterize a soprano or tenor voice of a weight between lyric and dramatic that is capable of handling large musical climaxes in opera at moderate intervals 357. Dramatic tenor - Correct answer an emotive, ringing and very powerful, clarion, heroic tenor sound. The dramatic tenor has an approximate range from the B two octave below middle C (B2) to the C one octave above middle C (C5) with some able to sing up to the D one octave above middle C (D5) 358. Heldentenor - Correct answer A rich, dark, powerful and dramatic voice, featured in romantic German works 359. Dramatic Baritone - Correct answer A voice that is richer and fuller, and sometimes harsher, than a lyric baritone and with a darker quality. This category corresponds roughly to the Heldenbariton in the German fach system except that some Verdi baritone roles are not included. The primo passaggio and secondo passaggio of both the Verdi and Dramatic Baritone are at Bb and Eb respectively, hence the differentiation is based more heavily on timbre and tessitura. Accordingly, roles that fall into this category tend to have a slightly lower tessitura than typical Verdi baritone roles, only rising above an F at the moments of greatest intensity. Many of the Puccini roles fall into this category. However, it is important to note, that for all intents and purposes, a Verdi Baritone is simply a Dramatic Baritone with greater ease in the upper tessitura (Verdi Baritone roles center approximately a minor third higher). Because the Verdi Baritone is sometimes seen as subset of the Dramatic Baritone, some singers perform roles from both sets of repertoire. Similarly, the lower tessitura of these roles allow them frequently to be sung by bass-baritones. 360. Verdi Baritone - Correct answer A more specialized voice category and a subset of the Dramatic Baritone, a Verdi baritone refers to a voice capable of singing consistently and with ease in the highest part of the baritone range, sometimes extending up to the C above middle C, or "High C." The Verdi baritone will generally have a lot of squillo, or "ping" 361. Basso Profondo - Correct answer Lowest sounding Bass voice 362. Basso Buffo - Correct answer Buffo, literally "funny", basses are lyrical roles that demand from their practitioners a solid coloratura technique, a capacity for patter singing and ripe tonal qualities if they are to be brought off to maximum effect 363. Bel Canto - Correct answer same as basso buffo 364. Basso Cantente - Correct answer Basso cantante means "singing bass". Basso cantante is a higher, more lyrical voice. It is produced using a more Italianate vocal production, and possesses a faster vibrato, than its closest Germanic/Anglo-Saxon equivalent, the bass-baritone 365. Dramatic bass - Correct answer Hoher Bass or "high bass" or often a dramatic bass-baritone 366. Sprechstimme - Correct answer literally "speech song"; a type of inflected vocal delivery, with pitches indicated only approximately on the music staff. this is a modern technique often used in contemporary opera and song cycles 367. Sotto voce - Correct answer in an undertone, aide, under the breath 368. Wet/live acoustics - Correct answer big room with materials such as wood or marble; ideal performance space for choirs 369. Dry/dead acoustics - Correct answer small room with no reverb; ideal for instrumental ensembles 370. The School Music Program: A New Vision - Correct answer 1. All children have musical potential 371. 2. Children bring their own unique interests and abilities to the music learning environment 372. 3. Very young children are capable of developing critical thinking skills through musical ideas 373. 4. Children come to early-childhood music experiences from diverse backgrounds 374. 5. Children should experience exemplary musical sounds, activities, and materials 432. Ger. - Alle 433. At (near) the Bridge - Correct answer It. - Sul Ponticello 434. Fr. - Sur le Chevalet 435. Ger. - am Steg 436. Over the Fingerboard - Correct answer It. - Sul Tasto 437. Fr. - Sur la Touche 438. Ger. - am Griffbrett 439. With the Wood of the Bow - Correct answer It. - Col Legno 440. Fr. - Avec le Bois 441. Ger. - Col Legno 442. At the Point of the Bow - Correct answer It. - Punta d'Arco 443. Fr. - (de la) Pointe 444. Ger. - Spitze 445. At the Frog - Correct answer It. - al Tallone 446. Fr. - du Talon 447. Ger. - am Frosch 448. Bells in the Air - Correct answer It. - Campane in Aria 449. Fr. - Pavillons en l'Air 450. Ger. - Schalltrichter auf 451. Half (a string group) - Correct answer It. - la meta 452. Fr. - la moitie 453. Ger. - die Halfte 454. Stopped (horns) - Correct answer It. - Chiuso 455. Fr. - Bouche(s) Cuivre 456. Ger. - Gestopft Schmetternd 457. Open - Correct answer It. - Aperto 458. Fr. - Ouvert 459. Ger. - Offen 460. With Soft Stick - Correct answer It. - Bacchetta di Spugna 461. Fr. - Baguette d'Esponge 462. Ger. - mit Schwammschlegel 463. With Hard Stick - Correct answer It. - Bacchette di Legno 464. Fr. - Baguettes en Bois 465. Ger. - mit Holzschlegeln 466. In the Ordinary Way (after sul pont., sul tasto, etc.) - Correct answer It. - Modo Ordinario 467. Fr. - Mode Ordinaire 468. Ger. - Gewohnlich 469. String - Correct answer It. - Corda 470. Fr. - Corde 471. Ger. - Saite 472. Cognitive Developmental Theory of Piaget - Correct answer 1. Sensorimotor 0-2 yrs. Observe their environment through exploration and motor skills. 473. 2. Preoperational 2-7 yrs. Problem solving skills & language growth. Color, size, use, and shape of objects. 474. 3. Concrete Operational 7-11 yrs. Expand their knowledge of classification and recognize similarities regarding items of the same height or pitch 475. 4. Formal Operational 12-teenage yrs.. Abstract thoughts to solve problems. 476. Erik Erikson - Correct answer Freudian psychology. Believed each stage of children's development offers tasks that a child can be challenges with possibility of failure. Teachers should recognize that children's self worth is wrapped in their definition of success. Music should offer a personal sense of success. 477. Lev Vygotsky - Correct answer Importance of culture in a child's development with awareness that parents and older children affect child's behavior. Teacher or parent can assist a child in defining problem to be solved and then dividing into workable sections using verbal instruction and encouragement. 478. Jerome Bruner - Correct answer His ideas are based on categorization (3 modes of fact-gathering for children.) 1. Physical manipulation 2. Pictoral representation 3. Symbolic Understanding 479. Bruners Four Features of Learning - Correct answer 1. Exploration, should be encouraged to show curiosity to learn about their world. 480. 2. Info should be easily accessible and comprehensible 4. Order or sequence should be logical and orderly 5. Method of reward should be installed so children are encouraged 481. School Music Program: 482. A New Vision K-4 - Correct answer Sing on pitch and rhythm, steady tempo, ostinatos, rounds, partner songs, improvise simple ostinato accompaniments, improvise short songs, use body and nontraditional sounds to make music, create and arrange music to accompany readings, create short songs, read whole, half, dotted half, quarter, eighth notes, rests in 2/4, 3/2, 4/4 meter, Use system (syllables, numbers, letters) reading simple pitch notation, Navajo, Arabic, Latin American music, Evaluate music, 483. School Music Program: 484. A New Vision 5-8 - Correct answer Sing with breath control, alone and in small and large ensembles, sing with expression vocal lit. on a difficulty level of 2 including songs from memory, two and three parts, improvise simple harmonic accompaniments, simple rhythmic and melodic variations on given pentatonic melodies and major keys, read whole, hald, quarter, eighth, sixteenths, and dotted notes and rests in 2/4, 3/4, 4/4, 6/8, 3/8 and alla breve. SR music with difficulty of 2, recognize jazz, mariachi, gamelan 485. School Music Program: 486. A New Vision 9-12 - Correct answer Sing with expression and technical accuracy, large and varied repertoire of vocal literature difficulty of 4 on scale of 6, sing 4 parts with and without accompaniment, improvise stylistically appropriate harmonizing parts, improvise in pentatonic, major and minor keys, compose in several distinct styles, evolve criteria for making informed critical evaluations of the quality, compose, arrange, improvise, Baroque, Sub-Saharan, African, Korean, sing, broadway musicals, blues. 487. MIDI - Correct answer Musical Instrument Digital Interface. Standard specification that enable electronic instruments such as the synthesizer, sampler, sequencer, and drum machine from any manufacturer to communicate with one another and with computers. 488. Orff-Schulwerk Approach - Correct answer Combines music, movement, drama, speech into lessons that are similar to child's world of play. 489. Four Different Stages within the Orff-Approach 1. Imitation - the teacher, group leader, or students perform for the class and the class in turn repeats what was played for them. 2. Exploration - Allows students to seek out not only the different musical aspects that the Orff instruments offer but they also explore aural/oral skills and the different motions and expressions that the body is capable of 3. Literacy - Taught by learning musical notation and becoming familiar with the various forms of music like rondo, and ABA 4. Improvisation - The act of creating something, especially music, without prior preparation. 490. Hornbostel-Sachs System of Musical Instruments Classification - Correct answer Idiophones, membranophones, chordophones, aerophone, electrophone soft seats, and other soft surfaces that absorb sound. Likewise, acoustically "dead" spaces such as coffeehouses and recital halls are usually quite small and have walls of nonreflective surfaces such as drywall and plaster. 514. Which of the following is a well-known, prolific researcher in music education, author of several standard texts on music education topics, and a coeditor of The New Handbook of Research on Music Teaching and Learning? A. Lowell Mason B. Bennett Reimer C. Edwin E. Gordon D. Richard Colwell - Correct answer D. Richard Colwell 515. Richard Colwell is a prolific music education researcher and author. 516. Conducting cues are customarily given when A. a soloist or a section must fade out on a long note B. a soloist or a section enters after a long rest C. the articulation changes from one style to another D. the meter changes from simple to compound - Correct answer B. a soloist or a section enters after a long rest 517. During long rests, performers may lose count and will enter with confidence if a cue is given 518. excerpt from the gamelan music "Bubaran Hudan Mas") 519. What is the country of origin? A. India B. Indonesia C. Peru D. Japan - Correct answer B. Indonesia 520. The excerpt heard on the CD features music by a characteristic Indonesian gamelan ensemble composed primarily of hanging gongs, gong- chimes, and drums. The correct answer is B. 521. excerpt from Terry Riley's In C. 522. Who is the composer? A. Terry Riley B. Charles Ives C. John Corigliano D. Duke Ellington - Correct answer A. Terry Riley 523. Terry Riley's In C is characterized by layering of repeated, short melodic modules and ostinatos. This question is another type commonly appearing on the test. As a study activity, one could research the biography and style of each of these leading composers and listen to works representative of each. This particular question asks about American composers. Another good study activity would be to determine other leading composers in history that might appear in test questions. Become familiar with representative examples of each of their works. - standard chamber ensemble consisting of two violins, viola, and cello - multimovement composition for this ensemble - Correct answer String Quartet 524. a set of pieces that are linked together into a single work. During the baroque, usually referred to a set of stylized dance pieces - Correct answer Suite 525. term coined by Franz Liszt for a one-movement work of program music for orchestra that conveys a poetic idea, story, scene, or succession of moods by presenting themes that are repeated, varied, or transformed - Correct answer Symphonic Poem (or tone poem) 526. large work for orchestra, usually in four movements - Correct answer Symphony 527. Italian for "touched" - piece for keyboard instrument or lute resembling an improvisation that may include imitative sections or may serve as a prelude to an independent fugue - Correct answer Toccata 528. solo vocal piece with instrumental accompaniment - Correct answer Aria 529. used to catalogue the compositions of J.S. Bach, stands for Bach-Werke- Verzeichnis - Correct answer BWV 530. a term used to classify a composition in relation to the composer's other compositions - Correct answer Op or Opp 531. the name of the numbering scheme used to categorize Mozart's work - Correct answer Kochel Verzeichnis or Catalog 532. continuous variations on ground bass similar to chaconne (baroque) - Correct answer Passacaglia 533. French lyrical poem (renaissance) - Correct answer Rondeau 534. music composition using sacred texts (baroque) - Correct answer Cantata 535. a musical dramatic work - Correct answer Opera 536. plain chant, note against note counterpoint (medieval) - Correct answer Organum 537. a secular song for 2 or 3 unaccompanied voices (renaissance) - Correct answer Madrigal 538. popular baroque dance in triple time - Correct answer Gigue 539. French peasant dance (baroque) - Correct answer Gavotte 540. polyphonic composition sacred text without accompaniment (Renaissance) associated with the church - Correct answer Motet 541. most popular baroque instrumental dance - Correct answer Sarabande 542. a French polyphonic song (late middle ages-Renaissance) - Correct answer Chanson 543. imitative polyphonic composition, themes repeat - Correct answer Fugue 544. composition for an orchestra and 1 or more solo instruments (classical) - Correct answer Concerto 545. chamber music (classical), 546. Classical instrumental genre for chamber ensemble or soloist, often performed as light entertainment. Related to serenade and cassation. - Correct answer Divertimento 547. What is the name of the Brazilian dance that is slightly faster than the tango? - Correct answer samba 548. popular cuban music - Correct answer cha cha & mambo 549. The sackbut was an early brass instrument that evolved into this 550. modern musical instrument. - Correct answer trombone 551. This wooden flute-like instrument features a lip, a fipple, and a windway. - Correct answer recorder 552. A type of psaltery or zither, the name of this instrument literally means "sweet sound". - Correct answer dulcimer 553. This ancient woodwind evolved into the modern oboe. The metal band surrounding the bell made it a handy weapon as well. - Correct answer shawm 554. Two instruments played simultaneously by one person, this combination was often used as accompaniment for juggling or acrobatic acts. - Correct answer pipe & tabor 583. 1844 - Wrote Mother Play and Nursery Songs with tunes "Ring-Around- Rosies" and "If Your Happy" - Correct answer Froebel 584. Founder of Kindergarten. - Correct answer Froebel 585. Froebel - Correct answer Advocated dance and music in regards to nature as they played outside. 586. Music Learning Theory is an approach developed by - Correct answer E. Gordon 587. Gordon's Music Learning Theory - Correct answer Teaching methods help teachers establish sequential curricular objectives in accord with their own teaching styles and beliefs. 588. Hornbostel-Sachs - Correct answer _____ System of Musical Instruments Classification - Idiophones, Membranophones, Chordophones, Aerophones, Electrophones 589. Which of the following is most important in Zoltan Kodaly's method of elementary music education? A. Recorders B. Xylophones C. Unpitched percussion D. Voices - Correct answer D. Voices 590. Which of the following course offerings best reflects Reimer's philosophy of aesthetic education? A. Private instrumental or vocal instruction for any interested student B. General music courses that involve listening, composing, and performing for all students C. Performance-driven courses that prepare students for giving instrumental and vocal concerts D. General music courses that focus on training students in aural and performance skills. - Correct answer B. General music courses that involve listening, composing, and performing for all students 591. Which viewpoint best represents Reimer's Philosophy of Music Education? A. Referentialism B. Formalism C. Pragmatism D. Absolute Expressionism - Correct answer D. Absolute Expressionism 592. Wrote - A Philosophy of Music Education - Correct answer Reimer 593. General music courses involve listening, composing, and performing for all students. - Correct answer Reimer 594. Rousseau - Correct answer Children should enjoy the simple joy of true vocal sound to understand about harmony and vocal resonance. Songs with simple and narrow range and no words. Children should dance and make up songs. 595. All of the following are important to the pedagogical approach of Shin'ichi Suzuki EXCEPT A. beginning instruction at an early age B. reading music at an early age C. performing in groups D. parental involvement - Correct answer B. reading music at an early age 596. parental involvement - Correct answer Shin'ichi Suzuki 597. performing in groups - Correct answer Shin'ichi Suzuki 598. beginning instruction at an early age - Correct answer Shin'ichi Suzuki 599. (music learning k-12) 600. Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences - Correct answer ____________ implies music is taught as a core subject in the curriculum. Musical Rhythmic Intelligence: the capacity to think in music; to be able to hear patterns recognize them, and perhaps manipulate them. People who have strong musical intelligence don't just remember music easily, they can't get it out of their minds, it's so omnipresent 601. (music learning l-12) 602. Reimer's Philosophy of Music Education - Correct answer __________ represents the viewpoint of Absolute Expression. The values of music are gained through direct experiences with its meaningful sounds‚ remains intact, but is explained and applied in broader, more inclusive scope, with a synergistic philosophical stance as the basis. General music courses that involve listening composing, and performing for all students. 603. (music learning k-12) 604. Music Learning Theory - Correct answer __________ was developed by E. Gordon. It is a stage specific learning of how students learn music and how it should be taught. 605. 1)Audiation 606. 2)Music Aptitude 607. 3)Methodology 608. 4)Learning Sequence Activities 609. 5)Classroom Activities 610. 6)Early Childhood 611. 7)Instructional Applications 612. 8)Types and Stages of Audiation 613. (music learning k-12) 614. Bruner's Spiral Curriculum Theory - Correct answer ____________ uses the same concept taught in different grades. 615. His concept in music is: 1) Strategy - presents framework for introducing musical concept. 616. 2)Composing/Rehearsing - Students solve musical problem in group compositional projects by developing a hypothesis and testing it. 617. 3)Performance - Performance takes place 618. 4)Critical Evaluation - After performance they discuss and evaluate themselves. 619. 5)Listening - Students listen to music for please or as a resource. 620. (music learning k-12) 621. Orff Methodology - Correct answer ____________ employs a eurhythmic approach to music instruction emphasizing solfege-movement-improvisation. 622. More of a elemental style and learn through experience/movement. 623. approach encourages improvisation and discourages adult pressures and mechanical drill, fostering student self-discovery 624. considers the whole body a percussive instrument 625. Comenius - Correct answer Johann Amos Comenius believed that the education of children should begin immediately so that the child could learn about faith, cognizance of moral actions, and familiarity with arts and language. 626. Comenius felt that music education was intinctual for children who first learn to make sound through vocalizations. 627. Milton Babbitt - Correct answer Known for his serial and electronic music in the 20th century 1916-2011 628. German composer of the Baroque period 629. Toccata & Fugue in D minor 630. 1685-1750 - Correct answer J.S. Bach