Pre-Islamic Arabia and the Emergence of Islam: Sunni, Shia, and Sufi Beliefs and Leaders -, Study notes of World Religions

Download Pre-Islamic Arabia and the Emergence of Islam: Sunni, Shia, and Sufi Beliefs and Leaders - and more Study notes World Religions in PDF only on Docsity! RELN 203 Final Exam Study Guide Pre-Islamic Arabia (lifestyle [Bedouin], religion [Jinn, Hubal, Al ‘illah, etc]) Sunni- believe caliph should be elected, they consume the mast majority to 90%, and are against hereditary leadership, for leadership is a trust from the people, this is more democratic. They put a lot of stress on the 5 pillars, and on life in God’s hands. Shi’a- 10%, “faction of Ali,” they argued that leadership should be hereditary, which are called lmans which means teacher. There have been II Imans, and they ruled up into the middle ages. The last Iman was assassinated by a Sunni. The 12th Imam is the Madhi= savior figure, when he appears Justice will appear as well. Sufi- mystical form of Islam, is peaceful and nonviolent Abu Talib Abu Bakr- 632-634, is given successor, and he is an early converter and the father to Muhammad’s wife, compilation on the Qur’an. He only lasted 2 years before he dies but he appointed Umar 634 as Caliph. He lasted 10 years before assassinated 634-644. Zayd Ibn Thabit- personal scribe (writer) of Muhammad and an Ansar Ishmael- figure in the Hebrew bible, Qur’an, where he is Abraham’s eldest son and first born. Was the forefather of Muhammad Ramadan- the month where Gabrielle appeared to Muhammad, sustain from food, sex and drink Khadija- Muhammad’s first wife who he converted Uthman Umayyad- was the next caliph after Umar. 644-656. He was not very popular and many rumors went around about him saying he was a drunk and gambled. He was also assassinated in 656. Single definitive edition, and he ordered for all others to be destroyed, that were competing against it. What constitutes a true Qur’an- written in Arabic, means to recite, divided into Surah, and there is 114 of them, they are divided into verses. Arranged by length longest first- shortest last, and the short is older then the longer ones. The shortest ones come from his time in Mecca period and the longest from medina. Shortest are more poetic and eschatology which is the end of times, tends to focus on Allahs omnipotenre. 96 is the first one 10 is one of the last ones Medina Surans focus on social issues and are less heated Night of Power- is the anniversary of the night Muslims believe the first verses of the Qur’an were revealed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad Ka’ba- sacred shrine in mecca, where war and violence was prohibited, built by Abraham and his son, in it is a black stone that is believed to have been held by muhammad Traditions about Muhammad and his skills as a trader- was born in Mecca 570 ce. Was born to the Qurayoh tribe. Both parents died when born, was raised by uncle Abu. Abu was a merchant/trader, they were both not educated. Muhammad takes over Abu’s trade, and becomes successful at it. He is reflective and philosophical. Muhammad dies in 632, almost all of Saudi Arabia is converted, and he did not say who will lead on. He was illiterate, he could not read or write. Hjra- when Muhammad is 40 he goes to Mt. Hira and there he thinks and prays/meditates Ramadan. Was choked into submission. For many years he would meet with Gabrial for the next piece/ info. Surahs (types and characteristics) Authorship of the Quran Points of comparison between Hebrew Bible and Qur’an (Sacrifice of Isaac as an example)- The Quran is the full, final, complete message of the new and old testament, Written in Arabic, which is the language of God Types of jihad- unofficial 6th pillar, to struggle or exert. Many musslims understand it has a moral struggle= greater Jihad, lesser jihad= violent defense People of the book Caliph= Successor Madhi=savior figure, when he appears Justice will appear as well Hadith- means talk or speech, and are the reported actions and saying of Muhammad. Become the basis for interpreting the Quran, basis for Islamic law. For 100 years it was passed around orally, then after that it was written and there were 12 volumes 1. Sacred hadith, divine revelations 2. Noble hadith MS personal life sayings Tawhid- “doctrine of Oneness (God)” the concept of monotheism in Islam Fatwah- in the Islamic faith is a religious opinion concerning Islamic Law Qiblah- (kiblah) the direction that should be faced when a Muslim prays during salah Sword verses Night Journey Five Pillars (know their Arabic names!) 1. Shahada- creedal statement, there is no God but Muhammad, Tawid=unity loneness of God 2. Salat- prayer, occurs 5 times a day starting a dawn and ending at evening. The Mezzin are in charge of singing the “call to prayer.” Kiblah is finding the correct direction to pray (Face