Principles of Biology I - Final Study Guide | BSCI 105, Study notes of Biology

Download Principles of Biology I - Final Study Guide | BSCI 105 and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! BSCI105 (Prof. Benson) – Fall 2011 Community Google Doc Final Review Exam 1: 1. Which of the following does NOT play a direct role in determining the final overall shape of a polypeptide chain/protein?  Energy consideration (this is wrong) it should be quaternary structure* 2. Elbits are generally stronger, live longer, more sure-footed, are better at fending off predators but are sterile. Natural selection predicts:  They will go extinct 3. Which of the following are common roles for fats?  storage  protection  signaling 4. An early major abiotic transformation that occurred as life evolved on the ancient earth was  oxygenation of the atmosphere 4b. This even occurred approximately 2.7 billion years ago 5. Adding NaCl or ethanol to an ice water bath allows the bath to exist in a liquid state at temperatures below 0 degrees, a viable explanation is?  Hydrogen bond formation between water molecules is disrupted 6. Which of the following are connecting themes in biology?  Evolution is one idea that makes sense of everything we know about living organisms  Organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy  Structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization 7. The Miller Experiment was directed at?  Asking if predicted abiotic conditions could yield important organic bio- molecules 8.Which of the following are membrane enclosed organelles?  ribosomes  golgi  nucleus  cytoskeleton o microtublues intermediate filaments microfilaments all compose the cytoskeleton o roles: cell shape, structure, and support. 9. Which of the following is true?  electrons can exist in different energy shells 10. Two key characteristics that defines scientific knowledge is empirical evidence and it is testable. 11. Pure water has a pH of 7, the addition of ammonia (base OH- ) will decrease the concentration of H30. 12. Two major classes (types) of cells are prokaryotes and eukaryotes and one important difference is the location of genetic material. 13. In the box draw and label the molecular representation of a phospholipid molecule and explain how its molecular properties determine cellular role and function, be specific. 14. Explain the concept of emergent properties using the molecule shown to the right (lysosome). Do not simply write definitions, connect emergent properties with structure and functions. Your answer must include at least two levels of structure properties/function. 15. Provide any observations regarding a biology aspect that is shown int eh photoraph, give a scientific hypothesis to explain the observation and describe a procedure you might use to test the hypothesis. 16. Diagram the basic structure of a nucleic acid and briefly describe how nucleic acid structural and information diversity is achieved, list the three roles nucleic acids play in biological systems and provide a biological example that illustrates it 17. List the three domains of life and describe the role of endosymbiosis in their evolution. Exam 2: List the three types of photosynthetic plants: C3, C4, CAM 1. Which of the following are directly involved in the movement of organelles during cellular reproduction?  microtubules 2. For each of the following mark true if it is involved in an essential membrane process or false if it is not  True: ATP production  True: Transport  True: Signaling  False: Chromosome movement 3. The R-Groups in the central core region of a transport protein that allows facilitated diffusion such as the one shown will mostly be  hydrophilic 4. The affect of an enzyme in metabolic reactions as shown in the figure will  Na-K pumps: runs against concentration gradient to pump K into the cell and Na out of the cell  Electron transport chain: proton gradient allows for the synthesis of ATP Why are integral membrane proteins considered inside out with respect to cytoplasmic proteins. Hint: think about R-group properties and membrane properties. Integral protiens have hydrophillic and hydrophobic region so..... Explain why membrane proteins often denature if they are suspended in just water? Would you expect to find transport proteins for lipid-philic molecules? Draw the graph of RXN rate versus enzyme concentrations and explain shape, given the 2nd law of thermodynamics and justify how life can exist and flourish in a physical universe. Novice scientist says eukaryotic cells use mitochondria as their energy capturing organelle. Is this completely true? Justify your answer. - The scientist is confusing chloroplasts with mitochondria. Chloroplast convert light from the sun into energy through the process of photosynthesis; Mitochondria produce energy using molecules gathered from inside and outside the cell. It is the site of ATP synthesis, but the energy is brought to it by the cell; compare this to the capturing of energy AND the production of ATP by the chloroplast. Provide a reasonable explanation for the emergency of c4 and cam plants during evolution. Adaptation to environments where there was little water. -C4 and CAM plants differ from C3 plants in their usage of CO2. Both are more efficient and use more CO2 than C3 plants to produce energy. These plants developed in areas where water was less abundant and developed efficiency mechanisms to survive. As CO2 increases due to climate change, predict the effects on C3, C4, and CAM plant productivity. Protein kineses phosphorylate proteins and are involved in cell cycle reaction; from a chemical, molecular, and evolutionary lens/view, justify why this makes sense. Describe 3 parameters that affect cell cycle progression; illustrate each with a specific example.  G1 checkpoint : the first checkpoint which ultimately decides if the cell will divide or go into the latent G0 phase. For example, liver cells only pass this checkpoint enter mitosis once or twice a year.  G2 checkpoint : triggers the start of mitosis. If DNA is damaged, it will not pass this G2 checkpoint to divide to prevent defective daughter cells.  Metaphase checkpoint : checkpoint that occurs when the chromosomes are/should align in the center plate of the cell. This checkpoint prevents anaphase, the splitting of the chromosomes, to ensure that the spindles are connected to each of the chromosomes. An error in the metaphase checkpoint can result in Downs Syndrome or aneuploidy. For species survival in a changing environment, genetic variation must occur: 1. List 4 biological processes that contribute to genetic variation, which are random? - Mutations - Recombination of chromosomes (in sexual reproduction) - Crossing over (sexual reproduction) - Fertilization 2. Explain why genetic variation is needed - Genetic variation is needed to perpetuate a species and allow it to survive in changing conditions. If a species faces a changing world without continuing to evolve, it will be wiped out. 3. ARE there situations where variation would not be beneficial? Justify your answer Yes there are situations where variation would be beneficial. - A situation where genetic variation would not be beneficial is a situation in which the mutation is harmful to the individual and hinders its abilities. Ex. if a person was born with only one eye or three arms. (CONTRADICTION) You discover a plant extract that blocks chromosome pairing. Would this be a good potential cancer drug? Justify your answer. Explain the relationship between cell cycle and Mendel’s law of Independent Assortment. - The Law of Independent Assortment states that the passing on of different genes from different traits are all independent of each other; in other words, the passing on of one gene has nothing to do with the passing on of another...they are sorted independently. This means that in meiosis, there is no order or favoritism for the passing on of different genes. Each gene sorts itself independently of the others when haploid cells are formed. Explain how meiosis accounts for the predicted frequencies of genotypes and phenotypes in the next generation. Use specific examples.  Simple probability o Addition rule o Multiplication rule Aneuploidy is a situation where there is a non-normal complement of chromosomes. In mammals it is generally lethal, except for sex chromosomes. Why is this? Explain with a specific example.  Aneuploidy is an abnormal number of a particular chromosome.  Humans can function with an abnormal number of chromosomes. It is not lethal because an extra X is inactivated with as a Barr body and an extra Y adds little extra information to conflict.  For example, XO is monosomy X or Turner Syndrom where the woman has abnormal stance and facial features.  XXY syndrome, or Klinefelter’s syndrome, is when a man has an extra X chromosome and has some feminine features. Describe 4 conditions/situations where one would/could observe non-mendelian patterns of inheritance.  Epistasis: one gene masks the expression of another effect ratio in dihybrid cross; example black/brown/golden labs  Polygenetic traits: involve several to many genes; example skin color, height, intelligence  Environmental effects: phenotypes are influenced; for example cats with black legs and white body because the core body is warm but limbs are cold  Epigenetic influences: the environment has influenced the expression of genes; example diet, exercise, toxins, stress How is it that sex chromosomes can exist in a non-balanced situation whereas any alteration in the number of other chromosomes is lethal or severely detrimental?  The barr body inactivation. Explain why ⅓ of point mutations in the leu codons result in no discernable change in 1st degree proton structure? For a peptide of 22 amino acids, calculate the total number of ATP/GDP used in its synthesis: Show all work. Calculate the number of kcal. pg 340 Briefly describe 3 different modes/types of regulation for gene expression in eukaryotes. For each indicate if it is present in prokaryotes. Justify your answer. Explain why the cloning of an adult pet will or will not yield a new pet that is identical to the original. Be specific and justify your answer with examples/facts we have covered in BSCI105. Justify why cancer is more prevalent in todays population as opposed to 100 years ago using aspects of biology we have covered. Becuase several mutations must occur for cancer to begin. Also smoking increases UV