Biology Study: Diseases, Stomata, Genetic Engineering, Water Absorption, Deception, Primit, Exams of Biology

Download Biology Study: Diseases, Stomata, Genetic Engineering, Water Absorption, Deception, Primit and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity! Exam 3 BSCI 106 Fall 14 SHORT ANSWER Section ANSWER KEY Short Answer 1) Give an example of a real paraphyletic group. It can be the name of the group, or you can draw or clearly describe what is /is not in the group. (1.5pts) Many options: protists, prokaryotes, invertebrates, reptiles etc. Please answer the question being asked! We had many of these examples in class. Some students put Arctic based on the museum but that is polyphyletic (tips; based upon convergent characters) Short Answer 2) What is the term for a disease that normally infects animals but started to infect humans? (1pt) .zoonotic Short Answer 3)What is a tradeoff involved in the function of stomata? 1 point Pick one  loses water to gain CO2  needs to use water to pull up nutrients in the water  cuticles lock gasses out when they lock water in. Short Answer 4) Why is genetic engineering not able to solve the problem of reduced genetic diversity? (1.5 pts) ideal answer – many desirable traits (e.g. disease resistance) can only come from related populations or related species so we still need to have diversity. Where else can we get the genes we wish to engineer? Some genes can be borrowed from distant organisms (toxins; vitamins) but many of the valuable ones cannot, and we do not yet know how to create new alleles for desirable functions like disease resistance. Short Answer 5) What is the smoke detector principle? (1 ½ points) Directly from reading assignment. When the cost of a false alarm (defending against a non-existent danger) is much less than the cost of missing a real danger, it is better to have lots of false alarms. .Better to overreact than miss a real danger. Short Answer 6) Describe in words and/or with a drawing of a tree (such as a pine tree) ○ how water from the soil reaches the leaves, ○ how nutrients from the soil reach the leaves (3 pts) It is Pulled up in xylem (=tubes = vascular system) by cohesion and evaporation. 1 Nutrients follow along in the water, (hitchhiking) . NO pushing, pumping, sucking or other active process. Short Answer 7) What is an example of plants using deception? (1 pt) .Several answers including: pretty flowers with no nectar; carrion plants fooling flies; pseudocopulation pollination Short Answer 8) Many people talk about “primitive plants” such as moss, and “more highly evolved” plants such as trees. Explain why this choice of words is incorrect or misleading. (1.5 pts). .Both have evolved from the same ancestor for same amount of time. “Primitive” and “highly evolved” imply values or at least goal/direction which is inaccurate. “Primitve” plants have been fine-tuning / evolving their perfectly functional systems for just as long as all those derived characters have been evolving in the other species. Primitive are better than ‘advanced’ in the places where they still live and outcompete the others. Short Answer 9) Under what conditions would reinforcement be most likely to occur? (either of two possible answers) (1.5 pts) When secondary contact occurs and it is selectively advantageous to not produce hybrids. (Some variations on this also accepted including relating to post-zygotic mechanisms being expensive compared to pre-zygotic, or species becoming sympatric again). Short Answer 10) Give an example of an adaptive radiation, including enough information so the grading TA clearly knows why it is an adaptive radiation. (1 ½ pts) .Many options. Angiosperms; them and their insects; cone shells in the museum; Darwin’s finches. This was practically identical to a museum assignment question, as well as covered in lecture. Short Answer 11) This is a diagram of a typical Archaea (named Thermococcus celer). What is the long thing the arrow is pointing to? (1 point) _Flagella (1/2 credit Pili which are the little things_ Draw on the diagram the Archaea’s chromosome(s), assuming it is not in the process of replicating (1 ½ points). 2 13) T / F – Horizontal gene transfer 14) T / F – Harmful effects on human health don’t always have large effects on fitness [A: e.g. Alzheimer’s disease] 15) T / F – They have beneficial effects at other times in life A main difference between artificial and natural selection is that artificial selection: (1/2 pt each) 16) T / F – is necessary if producing a cultivar. 17) T / F –has humans determining the fitness of the organisms. 18) T / F - picks amongst somatic cells, while natural selection only affects germline cells. A fungus would: (1/2 point each) 19) T / F – require oxygen for long-term survival. They’re eukaryotes 20) T / F – be more closely related to some protists than to Archaea. 21) T / F – have lots of membranes within each cell. They’re eukaryotes 22) T / F – minimize its surface area to reduce water loss through the surface area of its cell walls. 23) Which of these is important evidence for the hypothesis that present- day eukaryotes are the descendants of a symbiotic association of a pre- eukaryotic cell and a prokaryote? a) A mitochondrion can survive and grow when removed from a eukaryotic cell. b) A mitochondrion has its own DNA. Correct c) Fossilized mitochondria are older than the oldest fossilized eukaryotes. d) Mitochondria can produce ATP (the cell’s energy carrying chemical) 24) Why do prokaryotes generally have such rapid evolution? a) three separate sets of DNA – one in the nucleus, one in the mitochondria and one in the chloroplast b) most live in extreme environments. c) short generation time & high mutation rate. --Correct d) horizontal gene transfer & high surface area. 25) Which of these is a major advantage of having seeds instead of spores? a) Seeds are easier to produce since they are haploid b) Seeds can wait ..., while spores have ...so must grow immediately. -- Correct 5 c) Seeds are produced by multicellular plants, while plant spores can only come from unicellular plants (e.g. Algae). d) All of the above. 26) When two populations become two species, which of these can cause the changes that make them different enough to be separate species? a. Natural selection b. Sexual selection c. Genetic drift in general d. Founder effect e. All of the above --- Correct 27) When you eat a mushroom, you are actually eating: a) the seed- and pollen-producing part of an underground organism b) thin hyphae grouped together into a reproductive structure --- Correct c) the reproductive structure of a parasitic (or pathogenic) organism 28) The one consistent aspect of fungal diet is that all (non-mutualistic) fungi: a) Eat dead matter (animal or plant). b) Digest plant tissue (e.g. potatoes, cellulose). c) Digest outside their cells and absorb the digested matter. -Correct d) Obtain their food through decomposition or parasitizing plant roots. 29) Why don’t most antibiotics work against fungi? a) fungi have a lot of horizontal gene transfer, so develop resistance. b) fungi are eukaryotic, but most antibiotics affect traits specific to prokaryotes.--Correct c) antibiotics interfere with asexual reproduction, and fungi only reproduce sexually (using mushrooms). d) fungi don’t infect people, so we have not developed antibiotics against fungi. 30) The process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus is a) Translation b) Transduction -- Correct c) Vertical gene transfer d) It’s definitely magic 31) Reproductive isolation: a) prevents potential species with different alleles from merging back into one big population. --Correct b) is one type of post-zygotic barrier. –a post-zygotic barrier is one type of reproductive isolation. c) helps 1 species become 2 species by creating punctuated equilibrium conditions. --nonsense 6 d) allows speciation to achieve its goal of two or more new species. – Speciation has no goal! For all True / False questions, fill in A for True and E for False Since Christmas Fern is a fern, and has roots, we know that: ( 1/2 pt each) 32) T / F – it has flowers 33) T / F – it has mitochondria 34) T / F – it has several or many chromosomes 35) T / F – it has vascular tissue for moving water 36) T / F – it has a nucleus 7