PSY 325 final exam essay 2022/2023 update success guaranteed, Exams of Nursing

Download PSY 325 final exam essay 2022/2023 update success guaranteed and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! 1 PSY 325 final exam essay 2022/2023 update success guaranteed Part I: Essay Questions In this first essay, researchers look to answer the question of which influenza treatment is more effective in preventing the flu. The hypothesis of this research would be one of the two, the nasal spray is more effective than the shot in preventing flu or, the shot is more effective in preventing the flu. The null hypothesis for this research would be that neither the spray or the shot has a more significant effect on flu prevention. When we analyze the given data for this research we can see that this test was very statistically significant. As stated in the given data, the level of significance was set at .05 and the calculated p-value = .0008. The p-value is significantly lower than .05 which indicates that the probability of the null hypothesis happening 0.08%. From this information, the researchers would be able to reject their null hypothesis and begin looking for where the significance between the two treatments takes place. The information states that out of the 500 test subjects that were treated with the flu shot, 16% of them still got the flu. On the other hand, out of the 500 test subjects that were treated with the nasal spray, 24% came down with the flu. With these percentages in mind, we can clearly see that there is enough evidence to support the alternative hypothesis in that one flu treatment is more effective than the other. In this case, according to the test results, the most effective treatment prevention for the flu is the flu shot. You are 8% more likely to contract the flu using the nasal treatment over the shot. From the information, I would say that the sample was not appropriate for this study. 1000 test subjects may seem like a good number to conduct a pharmaceutical trial however when you look at the numbers of reported flu symptoms, hospitalizations, and deaths from the flu, 1000 test subjects is just not enough. For example, according to the CDC, for the years of 2017- 2018, there was an estimate of 49 million related symptoms, 960 thousand hospitalizations, and 2 PSY 325 final exam essay 2022/2023 update success guaranteed 79 thousand deaths caused by the flu (2018). In my opinion with those large numbers of deaths alone, a sample of 1000 test subjects is just not enough though it is a good start. Possible limitations throughout this study could possibly include the diversity of their sample. For example, it is not stated if the test subjects are male or female or their ethnicities. There have been previous studies that study the immune system of different ethnic groups, in one study researchers found that those from African descent have high antibody levels to rubella vaccinations when compared to those of European or Hispanic descent (Haralambieva, et, 2014). If the test sample used in this test was predominantly one ethnicity, these results could be inaccurate if people of different ethnic backgrounds react to the flu vaccination the same way they did when it came to the rubella vaccination. Another limitation would be that there is no control group listed in this study. I believe all good pharmaceutical trials should have a control group. A control group would help to determine if these results were indeed true. For example, if there was another 500 test subjects involved in a control group and were given a flu treatment placebo, and only 30% got the flu there may be a question as to how well the real treatments actually work. The last limitation would be the ages of the test subjects involved. The flu is more prone to individuals under the age of 5, over the age of 65, and women who are pregnant (CDC, 2018). Testing individuals who are more prone to contracting the flu virus may be more ideal for this experiment. If I were to conduct a follow-up study, I would test a larger number of individuals and make sure there is strong gender, ethnic, and age diversity within my study. I would also find an area within the United States that had the most reported cases of influenza and select my test subjects from that area. My study would be a two-year study using the same group of test subjects. The first year half of the test subjects would receive the nasal treatment and half the flu 5 PSY 325 final exam essay 2022/2023 update success guaranteed Essay 3 Group 1 includes, 2.2, 2.5, 2.7, 2.9, 3.1, 3.5, 4.1, 4.3, 4.7, and 4.8. Below are the calculations for Group 1. Sum: 34.8 Range: 2.6 Mean: 3.48 Skewness: 0.190 Mode: N/A Kurkosis: -1.5709 Median: 3.3 Standard Deviation: 0.941 Group 2 includes, 7.3, 7.6, 8.1, 8.2, 8.5, 9.2, 9.3, 9.5, 9.5, and 15.2. Below are the calculations for Group 2. Sum: 92.4 Standard Deviation: 2.237 Mean: 9.24 Range: 7.9 Mode: 9.5 Skewness: 2.4439 Median: 8.85 Kurtosis: 6.86883 There are a few differences between these two sets of data. One difference is the Mode, while there is no mode for Group one, there is a mode in Group 2. Another difference between the two groups is the Kurtosis, in Group 1 the Kurtosis is negative and in group two it is positive. The last difference I notice between the two groups is the range, while the range in Group 1 is 2. 2 4.7 7. 3 4.1 9. 5 15.2 4. 3 9.5 2. 7 3.1 9. 2 2.9 8. 2 7.6 3. 5 2.5 9. 3 4.8 8. 5 8.1 6 PSY 325 final exam essay 2022/2023 update success guaranteed only 2.6, the range in Group two is much larger at 7.9, this means there is a larger gap between the lowest recorded piece of data and the highest recorded (Tanner, 2016). When looking for outliers between the two groups, I do not see there to be any outliers within Group 1 however, when looking at Group 2 I notice one outlier. The outlier in Group 2 would be 15.2, the rest of the other values are between 7 and 9 and then you have this 15.2 way out there. When outliers are present within a data set, this can cause there to be a larger skewness to the data as you can see when comparing the two data sets (Tanner, 2016). The skewness in group 1 is only 0.190 while the skewness in Group 2 is 2.4439. Outliers can also cause the mean and the median to be misleading by presenting a result higher than it would be if the outlier were not present (Tanner, 16). Group 1 calculations doubled data points below. Sum: 69.6 Standard Deviation: 0.916 Mean: 3.48 Range: 2.6 Mode: 2.2 Skewness: 0.17372 Median: 3.3 Kurtosis: -1.49733 Group 2 calculations doubled data points below. Sum: 184.8 Standard Deviation: 2.177 Mean: 9.24 Range: 7.9 Mode: 9.5 Skewness: 2.231898 2. 2 4.7 7. 3 4.1 9. 5 15.2 4. 3 9.5 2. 7 3.1 9. 2 2.9 8. 2 7.6 3. 5 2.5 9. 3 4.8 8. 5 8.1 7 PSY 325 final exam essay 2022/2023 update success guaranteed Median: 8.85 Kurtosis: 4.727574 10 PSY 325 final exam essay 2022/2023 update success guaranteed procedures for this study were reviewed and approved by the review board. The test subjects were involved in a baseline session and then two double-blind smoking sessions where they either smoked cannabis with THC or the placebo with no THC (Farris & Metrik, 2016). The two double-blind experiments were taken about 11 days apart from one another. Before the start of the experiment, test subjects were told to refrain from cannabis and tobacco 15 hours prior, alcohol for 24 hours prior and caffeine 1 hour prior to the experiment. This is to help make sure that there are no other variables or substances playing a part in the results they receive. For the baseline, test subjects completed interview and self-report assessments including distress tolerance and questions about their cannabis use. The breath-holding part of the experiment was conducted between the 45 and 60-minute mark after consuming the cannabis or placebo THC cigarette. Four hours after the smoking portion of the experiment was done, participants underwent a sobriety test and were then given rides home with a taxi service (Farris & Metrik, 2016). There was compensation involved for participants of this study although what the compensation was is not disclosed. Some of the measures and assessments that were involved include, The Time-Line Follow-Back Interview (TLFB) which was used to assess a 60-day period of the amount of marijuana, alcohol, and tobacco used. The participant’s heart rates were also measured using a blood-pressure cuff. The effects of the drug were measured with the Addiction Research Center Inventory-Marijuana Scale (ARCI-M). The Breath-Holding Duration Task was used to assess the biobehavioral indexed distress intolerance, this was done by asking participants to hold their breath as long as they can while they are being timed with a stopwatch (Farris & Metrik, 2016). A self-reported distress tolerance was also analyzed using the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS), this included 15 items that were to be rated on a scale from 1 meaning to strongly agree to 5 11 PSY 325 final exam essay 2022/2023 update success guaranteed meaning to strongly disagree. This test helps to determine the supposed capability of being able to tolerate negative emotional states. The statistical analysis that was used for this study were paired-sample t-tests. “…used to confirm that differences in the HR [heart rate] and subjective drug effect between drug conditions remained significant when the breath-holding duration task was administered” (Farris & Metrik, 2016, pg. 307, para. 7). Researchers also used regression analysis to the experimental effects on the changes in breath-holding ability. Males and females were analyzed in separate groups because previous researched found that female cannabis smokers tend to be able to hold their breaths for a shorter period of time when compared to male cannabis smokers (Farris & Metrik, 2016). Results: Results showed that the THC cigarette had significant effects on producing a higher overall heart rate at the 45-minute mark. There was not a significant difference in the number of puffs taken from either the THC cigarette or the placebo cigarette. Female test subjects had much lower DTS scores than males implying that they have a higher distress intolerance (Farris & Metrik, 2016). An ANOVA test also showed researcher that female participants had a significantly shorter breath-holding duration average when compared to males at baseline, t(86) = 5.79, p < .0001, and post-smoking THC, t[85.6] = 7.10, p < .0001, and post-smoking placebo, t(82.7) = 8.72, p < .0001 (Farris & Metrik, 2016). Results showed that THC when compared to the placebo, had a significant effect on the participant’s duration of breath-holding. These results, however, seemed to only apply to those who were not as frequent smokers as others. According to the researchers, “…THC on breath-holding duration was not differentially affected by more frequent cannabis use (+1 SD: b = −1.30, t = −0.35, p = .724) (Farris & Metrik, 2016, 12 PSY 325 final exam essay 2022/2023 update success guaranteed pg. 308,