Sensation and Perception: Key Concepts and Pioneers, Exams of Psychology

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PSYC 230 UIUC EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS Perception - CORRECT ANSWERthe process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events Are there really 5 senses? - CORRECT ANSWERNo, there are from 7-12 different senses neural transduction - CORRECT ANSWERreceptors, transduction and neural response Sensation - CORRECT ANSWERactivation of sensory receptors due to a stimulus in the environment (physical stimulus---->neural signal) Phenomenology - CORRECT ANSWERinternal experience that everyone has of the external world around them Aristotle and the Five senses - CORRECT ANSWERAristotle said there were five senses - smell, sight, touch, taste, and hearing - but science suggests there are many more than that Thomas Young - CORRECT ANSWERshowed that light, like waves, could be diffracted, color recptors Johannes Mueller - CORRECT ANSWERdoctrine of specific nerve energies (distinct senses) Von Helmholtz - CORRECT ANSWERperception is constructed from both senses and cognitive processes, unconscious inference, three basic color receptors Hering - CORRECT ANSWERcolors are perceived through 2 pairs of opposing colors (four primary colors, not three) Weber's Law - CORRECT ANSWERthe just noticeable difference between two stimuli is based on a proportion of the original stimulus rather than on a fixed amount of difference Fechner - CORRECT ANSWERfather of psychophysics, the study of the relation between physical stimuli and the perception they elicit Fechner's Law - CORRECT ANSWERsensation is a logarithmic function of physical intensity Gestalt Psychology - CORRECT ANSWERthe whole is greater than the sum of its parts Law of Proximity (Gestalt) - CORRECT ANSWERelements close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit PSYC 230 UIUC EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS Law of Common Fate (Gestalt) - CORRECT ANSWERvisual elements that move in the same speed and/or direction are parts of a single stimulus law of closure (gestalt) - CORRECT ANSWERwe tend to see complete figures even when part of the information is missing Law of Similarity (Gestalt) - CORRECT ANSWERobjects that are similar tend to be grouped together Law of Good Continuation (Gestalt) - CORRECT ANSWERelements that appear to follow the same pathway tend to be grouped together Gibson and Direct Perception - CORRECT ANSWERsensation is perception, what you see is what you get Information Processing Approach - CORRECT ANSWERa perspective on understanding cognition that divides thinking into specific steps and component processes (LIKE A COMPUTER) computational approach - CORRECT ANSWERDescribes the problem the system is trying to solve and the constraints it uses in order to solve it, most abstract microelectrode - CORRECT ANSWERa very fine electrode, generally used to record activity of individual neurons Neurophysiology - CORRECT ANSWERexplains the workings of the nervous system Agnosia - CORRECT ANSWERthe inability to recognize familiar objects Prosopagnosia - CORRECT ANSWERinability to recognize faces EEG (electroencephalogram) - CORRECT ANSWERshows brain's electrical activity by positioning electrodes over the scalp fMRI (functional MRI) - CORRECT ANSWERA technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function Psychophysical Scale - CORRECT ANSWERa scale that measures the relationship between human reactions and the physical stimuli causing these reactions absolute threshold - CORRECT ANSWERthe minimum intensity of stimulation that must occur before you experience a sensation PSYC 230 UIUC EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS Proprioception - CORRECT ANSWERour sense of body position Muscle spindles - CORRECT ANSWERsense information about muscle length and muscle action Joint receptors - CORRECT ANSWERsense information regarding angle in our joints Golgi tendon organs - CORRECT ANSWERmeasure the force of a muscle's contraction Pinocchio illusion - CORRECT ANSWERVibration of tendon creates the illusion of muscle stretch: important to take vision away for this to work Ian Waterman - CORRECT ANSWERHe has learned to imagine his movements and use his vision to help position his limbs pain - CORRECT ANSWERunpleasant experience of actual or threatened tissue Nociceptive pain - CORRECT ANSWERpain resulting from tissue damage neuropathic pain - CORRECT ANSWERpain from damage to neurons of either the peripheral or central nervous system inflammatory pain - CORRECT ANSWERcaused by damage to tissues and joints or by tumor cells Empathy pain - CORRECT ANSWERfeeling someone elses pain Emotional pain - CORRECT ANSWERno tissue damage but still feel pain A-delta fibers - CORRECT ANSWERmyelinated nociceptors respond to heat and pressure (quick, sharp pain) C-Fibers - CORRECT ANSWERunmyelinated nociceptors respond to extreme heat, cold, pressure, and toxic chemicals (throbbing pain) Gate Control Theory of Pain (Melzack and Wall Study) - CORRECT ANSWERnon- painful input closes the nerve "gates" to painful input, which prevents pain sensation from traveling to the central nervous system two pain pathways - CORRECT ANSWER-One sends "where" information to somatosensory cortex -Another sends motivational and emotional information to the hypothalamus, amygdala, and frontal lobe PSYC 230 UIUC EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS somatosensory cortex - CORRECT ANSWERarea at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations (phantom limb syndrome) Homunculus - CORRECT ANSWERa maplike representation of regions of the body in the brain Sub-organization of the Somatosensory cortex - CORRECT ANSWERArea 1: tactile perception Area 2: proprioception Area 3A: proprioception + nociceptors Area 3B: nociceptors + mechanoreceptors "WHAT" channel - CORRECT ANSWERS1---> S2: identification of touched objects "WHERE" channel - CORRECT ANSWERS1----> Parietal cortex (involved in the control of action)----> Frontal lobe (premotor cortex) over-sensitization vs desensitization - CORRECT ANSWERover-enhancing response to stimuli vs under-enhancing response to stimuli Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) - CORRECT ANSWERa region of the brain associated with emotional component of pain (unpleasant) (hypnosis studies) analgesia - CORRECT ANSWERprocesses that act to reduce the conscious pain experience (extreme survival) runner's high - CORRECT ANSWEREndogenous opioids Pruriceptors - CORRECT ANSWERreceptors in our skin that respond to mild irritants by producing itch sensations Gentle Touch - CORRECT ANSWERunmyelinated peripheral C fibers= respond to slow and lightly applied forces (petting) haptic perception - CORRECT ANSWERthe active exploration of the environment by touching and grasping objects with our hands Active exploration - CORRECT ANSWERThis (e.g. running your finger-tips over the object) allows you to differentiate between fine differences in texture (e.g. grades of sandpaper) tactile agnosia - CORRECT ANSWERinability to identify objects by touch PSYC 230 UIUC EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS two-point threshold - CORRECT ANSWERminimum distance necessary between two points of stimulation on the skin such that the points will be felt as two distinct stimuli point localization - CORRECT ANSWERability of the person to discriminate exactly where on the body the skin has been touched visual acuity - CORRECT ANSWERthe ability to see fine detail tactile acuity - CORRECT ANSWERthe ability to detect details on the skin backward masking - CORRECT ANSWERPresenting a stimulus (called the target) to the participant and then covering, or masking, the target with another stimulus forward masking - CORRECT ANSWERsignal follows the masker in time Diabetic foot - CORRECT ANSWERVascular damage, blood vessels don't carry blood to extremities numb sense - CORRECT ANSWERPatient J.A. -subcortical stroke along the somatosensory pathway -complete loss of all somatosensory processing on the left half of his whole body for: light touch, deep pressure Anarchic hand - CORRECT ANSWERComplex goal-directed movements of a hand that are performed against the patient's will Alien hand: hemisomatognosia - CORRECT ANSWERLoss of the sense of one's own body (ex: video of the guy thinking the fake hand being hammered down is their own) out of body experience - CORRECT ANSWERthe sense that our consciousness has left our body rubber hand illusion - CORRECT ANSWERthe feeling that an extraneous object, usually a rubber hand, is actually part of one's own body nasal septum - CORRECT ANSWERcartilage separating the right and left nasal cavities turbinates - CORRECT ANSWERBones that protrude into the nasal cavity- they increase surface area for filtering dust and dirt particles by the mucous membrane. olfactory cleft - CORRECT ANSWERa narrow space at the back of the nose into which air flows and where the olfactory epithelium is located olfactory epithelium - CORRECT ANSWERa thin layer of tissue, within the nasal cavity, that contains the receptors for smell