Emotions, Personality, and Mental Health: A Comprehensive Theory and Definition Guide, Quizzes of Psychology

Download Emotions, Personality, and Mental Health: A Comprehensive Theory and Definition Guide and more Quizzes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 discrete emotions theory DEFINITION 1 humans experience a small number of distinct emotions. ex.) when you eat a dead cockroach, you close your eyes, make a disgusted face, turn your head- these emotions were evolutionary adaptive. ex.) monkeys pick up a "smile" because they pick it up from humans in evolution. TERM 2 primary emotions DEFINITION 2 the 7 cross-culturally universal emotions: happiness, disgust, sadness, fear, surprise, contempt, anger. each emotion is associated with distinctive facial expressions. TERM 3 secondary emotions DEFINITION 3 a mixture of emotions: fear+surprise= alarm TERM 4 motivation- structural rules DEFINITION 4 deep-seated similarities in communication between most animal species, suggested by natural selection. TERM 5 display rules DEFINITION 5 cross- cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions. ex.) American boys are taught that only girls can cry, Europeans greet each other with a kiss on the cheek. TERM 6 cognitive theories of emotion DEFINITION 6 theory proposing that emotions are products of thinking. TERM 7 mere exposure effect DEFINITION 7 repeated exposure to a stimulus makes us more likely to feel favorably towards it. TERM 8 facial feedback hypothesis DEFINITION 8 you're likely to feel emotions that correspond to your facial features- first happy, and then sad or angry. blood vessels in the face feed back temperature information in the brain, altering our experiences in emotions. ex.) you hold a huge smile for 15 seconds- you feel silly. you hold a frown for 15 seconds- you feel more sad. TERM 9 nonverbal leakage DEFINITION 9 unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behavior. ex.) you can observe a lot by just watching, you are obviously trying to hide an emotion. TERM 10 proxemics DEFINITION 10 study of personal space. ex.) you tend to step farther back from people you don't feel as emotionally attached to. or vise versa, lawyers stand closer to intimidate. TERM 21 glucostatic theory DEFINITION 21 when our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose. TERM 22 leptin DEFINITION 22 hormone, signals hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used. TERM 23 set point DEFINITION 23 value that establishes a range of body and muscle mass we tend to maintain. ex.) like our car's fuel gauges- range of body fat and muscle mass we need to maintain. TERM 24 internal-external theory DEFINITION 24 obese people are motivated more by external cues than internal cues. ex.) smell, taste, appearance rather than growling stomach or feelings of fullness. TERM 25 desire phase DEFINITION 25 initiated by whatever prompts sexual interest. ex.) people are usually have less sexual desire when tired or ill. TERM 26 excitement phase DEFINITION 26 people experience sexual pleasure and start to notice physiological changes. ex.) erection TERM 27 orgasm (climax) phase DEFINITION 27 human sexual response, involuntary rhythmic contractions in the muscles of genitals in both men and women. TERM 28 resolution phase DEFINITION 28 follows orgasm, people report relaxation and sense of well- being, body returns to unstimulated state. TERM 29 traits DEFINITION 29 predispositions that influence our behavior across many situations. TERM 30 nomothetic approach DEFINITION 30 approach to personality that focuses on identifying general laws that govern the behavior of individuals. TERM 31 idiographic approach DEFINITION 31 approach to personality that focuses on the life history experiences within a person. TERM 32 molecular genetic studies DEFINITION 32 investigations that allow researchers to pinpoint genes associated with specific personality traits. TERM 33 somatogenic DEFINITION 33 physiologically caused. TERM 34 catharis DEFINITION 34 feeling of relief following a dramatic outpouring of emoiton. ex.) right after an exam- ahhh. TERM 35 psychogenic DEFINITION 35 psychologically caused. TERM 46 reaction-formation DEFINITION 46 transformation of an anxiety-provoking emotion into its opposite. ex.) secretly homosexual, act homophobic (pastor) TERM 47 projection DEFINITION 47 unconscious attribution of our negative characteristics to others. TERM 48 displacement DEFINITION 48 directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto a safer and more socially acceptable target. ex.) punching a pillow instead of your co-worker. TERM 49 rationalization DEFINITION 49 providing a reasonable-sounding explanation for unreasonable behaviors or failures. TERM 50 intellectualization DEFINITION 50 avoiding emotions associated with anxiety-provoking experiences by focusing on abstract and impersonal thoughts. ex.) buffer against emotional pain. TERM 51 identification with the aggressor DEFINITION 51 adopting the characteristics of individuals we find threatening. ex.) if you can't beat them, join them. TERM 52 sublimation DEFINITION 52 transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired goal. ex.) young boy who likes to set fires, becomes a firechief. TERM 53 erogenous zone DEFINITION 53 sexually arousing zone of the body TERM 54 oral stage DEFINITION 54 psychosexual stage that focuses on the mouth. (from birth to 12-18 months) TERM 55 anal stage DEFINITION 55 psychosexual stage that focuses on toilet training. TERM 56 phallic stage DEFINITION 56 psychosexual stage that focuses on the genitals. (3 yrs-6 yrs) TERM 57 Oedipus complex DEFINITION 57 conflict during phallic stage in which boys supposedly love their mothers romantically and want to eliminate their fathers as rivals. TERM 58 Electra Complex DEFINITION 58 conflict during phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals. TERM 59 penis envy DEFINITION 59 supposed desire of girls to possess a penis. TERM 60 latency stage DEFINITION 60 psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious, sexuality is repressed. ex.) 6-12 yrs- sam sex friendships- girls have cooties, yuck. TERM 71 attribution DEFINITION 71 assigning causes to behavior. (why did she do that?) TERM 72 fundamental attribution error DEFINITION 72 overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on OTHER people's behavior. (serial killer- oh i could never do that, that's just how they are-characteristics, attitudes, intelligence) TERM 73 social comparison theory DEFINITION 73 we seek to evaluate out beliefs, attitudes, and abilities, by comparing our reactions with others'. when a situation was unclear, we look to others for guidance on how to act and what to believe. TERM 74 mass hysteria DEFINITION 74 outbreak of irrational behavior that is spread by social contagion. (UFOs) TERM 75 conformity DEFINITION 75 tendency of people to alter their behavior as a result of group pressure. TERM 76 parametric studies DEFINITION 76 experimenter consistently manipulates the independent variable to observe its effects on the dependent variable. social factors are observed that influence conformity. ex.) 2:1 3:1 4:1. 2:2 3:2 4:2. 2:7 3:7 4:???? what? 3 was supposed to come next. TERM 77 deindividuation DEFINITION 77 people act weird when stripped of their usual identities. TERM 78 groupthink DEFINITION 78 emphasis on group unanimity for making decisions. sometimes people give up thinking objectively for making sure everyone agrees. TERM 79 group polarization DEFINITION 79 tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by individual group members. ex.) racists become more racist after discussing racial issues. TERM 80 cults DEFINITION 80 groups who exhibit intense and unquestioning devotion to a single cause. TERM 81 inoculation effect DEFINITION 81 approach to convincing people to change their minds about something by first introducing reasons why the perspective might be correct and then debunking it. ex.) this is why you're wrong. TERM 82 obedience DEFINITION 82 adherence to instructions from those of higher authority. TERM 83 pluralistic ignorance DEFINITION 83 error of assuming that no one in a group perceived things as we do. ex.) dirty clothed person stumble while walking to class. is he ok? is he drunk? we assume this is not an emergency because no one else does, we keep walking to class. TERM 84 diffusion of responsibility DEFINITION 84 reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others. ex.) you see someone having a heart attack. they die. "well it wasn't really my fault. tons of other people could've helped him" TERM 85 social loafing DEFINITION 85 phenomenon where individuals become less productive in groups. TERM 96 ultimate attribution error DEFINITION 96 the mistake of attributing the behavior of entire groups- women, Christians, African Americans- to their dispositions. TERM 97 scapegoat hypothesis DEFINITION 97 claim that prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes. TERM 98 just-world hypothesis DEFINITION 98 many of us have a deep- seated need to perceive the world as fair- to believe all things happen for a reason. TERM 99 statistical rarity DEFINITION 99 not common for most people. ex.) genius, mild depression. (can be pos or neg) TERM 100 societal disapproval DEFINITION 100 violation of cultural norms. but not all culturally unacceptable behaviors are disorders, like racism, close talkers. TERM 101 biological dysfunction DEFINITION 101 neural impairment, but some are thought to be based on learning, like specific phobia, social phobia. TERM 102 demonic model DEFINITION 102 satanic possession, exorcisms. TERM 103 medical model DEFINITION 103 physical disorder, asylums: institutions for the mentally ill, bloodletting, pit of snakes. TERM 104 moral treatment DEFINITION 104 Dorothea Dix, treat these patients with dignity and respect, no effective treatments. TERM 105 deinstitutionalization DEFINITION 105 released psychiatric patients to community! antipsychotic meds. TERM 106 demonic model DEFINITION 106 view of mental illness- odd behaviors, talking to oneself, hearing voices, evil spirits infesting he body. TERM 107 medical model DEFINITION 107 mental illness perceived as as a physical disorder that requires medical treatment. TERM 108 asylums DEFINITION 108 institutions for the mentally ill created in the fifteenth century. TERM 109 moral treatment DEFINITION 109 approach to mental illness calling for dignity, kindness, and respect for the mentally ill. TERM 110 deinstitutionalization DEFINITION 110 1960s-1970s governmental policy that focused on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community and closing mental hospitals. TERM 121 OCD DEFINITION 121 repeated and lengthy (at least one hour a day) immersion in obsessions, compulsions, or both. TERM 122 obsessions DEFINITION 122 persistent ideas, thoughts, or impulses that are unwanted and inappropriate, causing marked distress. TERM 123 compulsions DEFINITION 123 repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce or prevent stress. TERM 124 anxiety sensitivity DEFINITION 124 fear of anxiety-related sensations. TERM 125 major depressive episode DEFINITION 125 state where a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities, along with symptoms that include weight loss and sleep difficulties. TERM 126 cognitive model of depression DEFINITION 126 theory that depression is caused by negative beliefs and expectations. TERM 127 learned helplessness DEFINITION 127 tendency to feel helpless in the face of events we can't control. TERM 128 manic episode DEFINITION 128 experience marked by dramatically elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, increased energy, inflated self- esteem, increased talkativeness, and irresponsible behavior. (feeling "on top of the world") TERM 129 bipolar disorder DEFINITION 129 condition marked by a history of at least one manic episode. TERM 130 schizophrenia DEFINITION 130 severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality. ex.) stepping on a crack. TERM 131 delusions DEFINITION 131 strongly held, fixed beliefs that have no basis in reality. TERM 132 psychotic symptoms DEFINITION 132 psychological problems reflecting serious distortions in reality. TERM 133 hallucinations DEFINITION 133 sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of an external stimulus. TERM 134 catatonic symptoms DEFINITION 134 motor problems, including extreme resistance to complying with simple suggestions, holding the body in bizarre or rigid postures, or curling up in a fetal position. TERM 135 diathesis-stress models DEFINITION 135 prospective proposing that mental disorders are a joint product of a genetic vulnerability, called a diathesis, and stressors that trigger this vulnerability. TERM 146 interpersonal therapy DEFINITION 146 treatment that strengthens social sills and targets interpersonal problems, conflicts, and life transitions. TERM 147 humanistic-existential psychotherapy DEFINITION 147 therapies that share an emphasis on the development of human potential and the belief that human nature is basically positive. TERM 148 phenomenological approach DEFINITION 148 perspective where therapists encounter patients in terms of thoughts and feelings in the present moment. TERM 149 person-centered therapy DEFINITION 149 therapy centered on the patient's goals and ways of solving problems. TERM 150 Gestalt therapy DEFINITION 150 therapy that aims to integrate different and sometimes opposing aspects of personality into a unified sense of self. TERM 151 experiential therapies DEFINITION 151 interventions that recognize the importance of awareness, acceptance, and expression of feelings. TERM 152 logotherapy DEFINITION 152 therapeutic approach that helps people find meaning in their lives. TERM 153 behavior therapists DEFINITION 153 focus on specific problem behaviors, and current variables that maintain problematic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. TERM 154 systematic desensitization DEFINITION 154 patients are taught to relax as they are gradually exposed to what they fear in a stepwise manner. TERM 155 exposure therapy DEFINITION 155 therapy that confronts patients with what they fear with the goal of reducing the fear. TERM 156 dismantling DEFINITION 156 research procedure for examining the effectiveness of isolated components of a larger treatment. TERM 157 response prevention DEFINITION 157 technique where therapists precent patients from performing their typical avoidance behaviors. ex.) hand washers get exposed to dirt. TERM 158 participation modeling DEFINITION 158 the therapist first models a calm encounter with the patient's feared object or situation, and then guides the patient through the steps of the encounter until she can cope unassisted. TERM 159 token economy DEFINITION 159 behavior modification based on operant conditioning. TERM 160 aversion therapy DEFINITION 160 patient shown a stimulus as well as something of discomfort.