Understanding Neurotransmitters, Receptors, and Effectors in Neuropsychology, Quizzes of Psychology

Download Understanding Neurotransmitters, Receptors, and Effectors in Neuropsychology and more Quizzes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! Psych pharm Exam 3 Questions with Answers Treatment adherence is affected by several different factors. Clinical factors include mood, anxiety, psychosis, and substance misuse. There are also patient factors such as knowledge, attitude, and beliefs; economic and racial/ethnic disparities, and clinical encounters. A patient who presents hopeless, with decreased energy, and poor concentration is affected by which factor? Selecte d Answer: D. Mood Answers: A. Substance misuse B. Knowledge deficits C. Attitude ad belief system D. Mood Respons e Feedback : These are signs of an altered mood. Serotonin (5HT) is a neurotransmitter associated with mood, sleep, and psychosis. There are several serotonin receptors all over the human body. A unique aspect of the second generation antipsychotics is their ability to block 5HT2a receptors. What is the effect of this inhibition? Selecte d Answer: A. Stabilizes dopamine concentrations in the CNS Answers: A. Stabilizes dopamine concentrations in the CNS B. Induces anxiety C. Causes hallucinations D. Reduces platelet function • Question 1 3.75 out of 3.75 points Respons e Feedback : B represents antagonism of 5HT1a, C represents a 5HT2a agonist, and D represents what happens when you inhibit SERT. • Question 2 3.75 out of 3.75 points the cerebral cortex, brainstem, subcortical structures, and the cerebellum. Of these major categories, which one houses the area of the brain that has been found in some neuropathological studies of patients with schizophrenia to be of smaller size? Selecte d Answer: D. Cerebellum Answers: A. Cerebral cortex B. Brainstem C. Subcortical structures D. Cerebellum Respons e Feedbac k: The area of the brain in question is part of the thalamus, which is located in the subcortical structures. The other options are incorrect, geographically speaking. G-protein coupled receptors are examples of what type of effector pathway? Selecte d Answer: B. Rapid effector pathways Answers: A. Slow effector pathways B. Rapid effector pathways C. NMDA glutamate receptor pathways D. Modulated effector pathways Respons e Feedback : Answer D is fictitious, B represents ion channel receptors, and C is a type of rapid effector pathway. Motivation is a component of patient-focused interventions to enhance adherence. Based on the transtheoretical model, readiness to change can • Question 6 0 out of 3.75 points • Question 7 3.75 out of 3.75 points fluctuate across five stages. Which stage is represented by the patient who is aware that a problem exists and, while seriously thinking about overcoming it, has not yet committed to a plan of action? Selecte d Answer: C. Contemplat ion Answers: A. Preparation B. Action C. Contempla t ion D. Maintenan c e Neurotransmitters are defined by four essential characteristics. These are: Selecte d Answer : E. A, C, and D only Answers: A. Neurotransmitters are synthesized within presynaptic neurons. B. Depolarization of a neuron results in the release of a neurotransmitter, which exerts a multitude of actions on the postsynaptic neuron. C. Their action on postsynaptic neurons can be replicated by administering a drug that mimics the activity of the endogenous neurotransmitter. D. Their action in the synaptic cleft is terminated by a specific action. E. A, C, and D only Respons e Feedback : Answer B should read a “discrete” (not multitude) action on the post synaptic neuron. The synaptic cleft is best characterized by which of the following statements? Which neurotransmitter is considered the major excitatory neurotransmitter? Selecte d Answer: C. Glutam ate Answers: A. Glycine B. GABA C. Glutam ate D. Seroton i n Respons e Feedback : A and B are inhibitory, and D is involved in mood and sleep. Glia cells play a supportive role to the neuron. A few of the functions of the glial cells include providing nutrition, maintaining homeostasis, stabilizing synapses, and myelinating axons. The glial cells are categorized as microglia and macroglia. Of these two cell types, which one plays an active and critical role in glutamatergic neurotransmission by providing a co-agonist required for glutamate receptor function? Selecte d Answer: B. macrogl ial Answers: A. microgl i al Respons e Feedback : B. macrogl ial Microglial cells are small, phagocytic cells related to peripheral macrophages. 1Neurons are classified in several different ways. From the following statements, select which ones are true. i. The two structural classifications are projection neurons and local inter- neurons. • Question 12 3.75 out of 3.75 points • Question 13 3.75 out of 3.75 points ii. Function classifications are made up of two subcategories: excitatory and inhibitory. iii. Histological classification includes bipolar, unipolar, and multipolar. iv. Classifications using a combination of structural, functional, and neurotransmitter type provide the most robust and useful description. v. Classification by neurotransmitter type alone provides the most useful description. Selecte d Answer: E. I, III, and IV Answers: A. I only B. III only C. I, II, and V only D. I, II, III, IV, and V E. I, III, and IV Respons e Feedbac k: Statement II would need to include modulatory function to be correct, and Statement V does not include structural and functional classification systems. Neurotransmission is unidirectional insofar as chemical and electrical conduction is concerned within the individual neuron. Of the following descriptions, which best characterizes the order of neurotransmitter/receptor interaction that results in an electrical signal impulse and the release of another neurotransmitter for interaction in the synaptic cleft (signal conduction through a neuron)? Selecte d Answer: C. Dendrites, Cell body, Axon, Axon terminals Answers: A. Cell body, dendrites, Axon, Axon terminals B. Dendrites, Axon, Cell body, Axon, Axon terminals C. Dendrites, Cell body, Axon, Axon terminals D. Axon terminals, Axon, Cell body, • Question 14 3.75 out of 3.75 points Respons e Feedbac k: C. glutamate, GABA, dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, endogenous opioids, nitric oxide, cannabinoids, steroids D. glutamate, GABA, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, endogenous opioids, steroids, histamine, nitric oxide all the other options are missing neurotransmitters considered important in psychiatry Introducing adherence in facilitating treatment goals is something that would be necessary in a patient who has previously displayed nonadherence patterns. Selecte d Answer: A. True Answers: A. True B. False Respons e Feedback : It is introduced as early as possible in treatment to mitigate the risks associated with nonadherence. A patient arrives in the ED via EMS having a grand mal seizure. The ED physician instructs the RN to give 10 milligrams of Diazepam IV X1 dose STAT. The patient’s seizure breaks within 2 minutes of the Diazepam being administered. The mechanism by which this medication causes rapid resolution of seizure activity is via which receptor type (effector pathway/receptor subtype)? Selecte d Answer: C. Rapid effector pathways/G-protein coupled receptor Answers: A. Slow effector pathways/G-protein coupled receptor B. Slow effector pathway/ion channel C. Rapid effector pathways/G- protein coupled receptor • Question 17 0 out of 3.75 points • Question 18 0 out of 3.75 points D. Rapid effector pathway/ion channel Respons e Feedback : Options B and C are mismatched, and Option A shows effects days to weeks after activation. Of the components of patient-focused interventions to enhance adherence, which component includes the following strategies: adaptive thinking, use of cues, and support? Selecte d Answer: A. Motivati on Answers: A. Motiva ti on B. Skills C. Logistics D. Educati o n Respons e Feedback : Skills include adaptive thinking, problem solving, use of cues, and support. If a patient admits to taking his medication every other day (instead of daily, as prescribed), a potential concern would be: Selecte d Answer: A. Sufficient understanding or acceptance of the illness Answers: A. Sufficient understanding or acceptance of the illness B. Abuse of the medication C. Expense D. Is the desired effect recognized at a lower daily dose? • Question 19 0 out of 3.75 points • Question 20 0 out of 3.75 points