Understanding Drug Abuse: Addiction, Drug Effects, and the Reward Pathway - Prof. Michele , Study notes of Kinesiology

Download Understanding Drug Abuse: Addiction, Drug Effects, and the Reward Pathway - Prof. Michele and more Study notes Kinesiology in PDF only on Docsity! Avoid Drug Abuse Chapter 4 Lecture Outline Part I: Addiction Part II: Drug Effects Part III: Reward Pathway Part IV: Ecstasy, Marijuana & Adderall Part V: Treatment Part VI: Caffeine Case Study Drug Abuse (substance abuse) • Defined as involving one or more of the following: – Recurrent drug use • Interferes with responsibilities at work, school, home • Physically hazardous • Legal problems • Social and interpersonal problems • Use can be constant or intermittent p. 128-129 Drug Dependence (substance dependence) 1. Tolerance – ↑ amounts of a substance are required to produce the desired effect 2. Withdrawal – Physical & cognitive symptoms – Nausea, vomiting, tremors (alcohol, opioids) – Fatigue, irritability (stimulants) 3. ↑ amount of substance or over a longer period of time than was originally intended 4. Need to ↓ intake of substance 5. ↑ amount of time using, obtaining, or recovering from effects 6. ↓ time spent on social, work, school because of substance use 7. Continued substance use despite recognizing that it is a psychological or physical problem Tolerance or withdrawal (#2): physically dependence Anxiety or irritability (withdrawal): psychological dependence What’s your risk: p. 136 p. 129-130 Dependence • Psychological dependence – Emotional attachment to drug • Physical dependence – Body requires drug to function normally Alcohol, Pain killers DEPRESSANTS slow messages between the body and brain. Signals from the eyes and other senses reach the brain slowly. Heart rate drops, leaving the Breathing rate decreases; Ecstasy, Amphetamines, Nicotine, Cocaine, Caffeine STIMULANTS create fake messages in the brain, telling the body that it’s under stress. Blood to skin decreases; the body is less able to cool itself, Overheating is a risk. Heart rate speeds up. Blood Drug Factors • Pharmacological properties – Effects on body chemistry, behavior, psychology • Dose-response function – Relationship between dose of drug taken, type & intensity of effect • Time-action function – Relationship between time drug was taken & intensity of effect • Drug use history • Route of administration User Factors • Body mass • Health • Genetic • Drug-drug interactions • Pregnancy • Expectations (placebo effect) Social Factors • Setting – Physical and social environment Local Injections of Cocaine Localization of Cocaine Binding Sites ne Cocaine 4% Mechanism of Action of Cocaine www.nida.nih.gov Reward Pathway Part III Ecstasy Marijuana Adderall Ecstasy Amygdala Basal ganglia Hypothalamus Cortex Hippocampus Clouded thinking Hyperthermia Disturbed behavior Jaw-clenching ie Aa cerhe lati eects short Term Effects after Ecstasy is Gone Normal During Ecstasy After Ecstasy his] mood depression-like feelings. irritablilty Long Term Effects of Ecstasy: Animal Studies Suggest Neurotoxicity • Brain chemistry changes – ↓ serotonin (& metabolites) levels • Brain structure change – degeneration of nerve terminals Marijuana Marijuana Acts on the Cannabinoid System • Anandamide: bringer of inner bliss Effects of Marijuana II • Long-term use – Lungs, reproductive system, ↑ heart attacks • Physiologically – ↑HR – Dilate blood vessels in eyes – ↓sperm count – Abnormally formed sperm – Abnormal patterns of sperm movement Tolerance & Dependence • Estimated that 1.5% of users develop tolerance • Withdrawal – Anger or aggression, irritability, nervousness, sleep problems, decreased appetite or weight loss – Last ~1-2 weeks Summary: Drugs of Abuse Activate the Reward System The Myth of Smart Drugs • Students Seek Competitive Edge by Taking Adderall, Ritalin Adderall Cognitive Performance Enhancement • Prescription use • Final Exams • Side effects – Cardiac arrest – Light-headed, fainting – ↑ blood pressure – Headache, blurred vision – Numbness – Seizure, Hallucinations – Tics – Insomnia – Loss of appetite Withdrawal Tolerance A state in which an organism no longer responds to a drug A higher dose is required to achieve the same effect Physical & psychological disturbance when the drug is removed