Download Understanding Psychological Disorders: Definition, Causes, Classification, and Diagnosis and more Slides Introduction to Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS Definition What is “abnormal”? Deviance Distress* Maladaptive Dysfunction* Danger Deviance Statistical infrequency Rare ≠ Bad How rare is rare? Culturally-based Violation of social norms Docsity.com Distress Personal suffering Not all psychopathology suffering Not all suffering psychopathology Maladaptive: Dysfunction Interference with ________________ Personal Social Occupational Danger Self Others __________________________ Causes: Multiple Approaches Biological Medical model Psychological Sociocultural Biopsychosocial But… The same experience may cause disorders in some people but not others. Why? Docsity.com Phobia Examples: Acrophobia: Heights Aerophobia: Flying Hematophobia: Blood Xenophobia: Strangers www.phobialist.com • Persistent, irrational, overwhelming fear of a ________ object, activity, or situation – Interferes with everyday behavior Learning & Phobias Classical Conditioning Neutral stimulus + Frightening Event Operant Conditioning Avoidance is reinforced Biological preparedness Potential real threats Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 1. Obsessions – repetitive, intrusive __________ Orderliness, Contamination, Accidents Create anxiety 2. Compulsions – ritualistic, repetitive _________ Reduce anxiety Interfere with everyday behavior Learning & OCD Operant Conditioning Compulsions are negatively reinforced Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Characterized by the persistent re-experience of traumatic events. Docsity.com Mood Disorders Mood extremes for long periods of time Depressive Disorders Bipolar Disorder Suicide (read in book) Depression Unrelenting lack of pleasure in life Major Depression 5 or 9 symptoms for 2+ weeks Impairs daily functioning Dysthymic disorder More chronic (1-2 years) Less severe Biological Factors Genetics Prefrontal Cortex Neurotransmitter systems Serotonin Norepinephrine Dopamine Cognitive Factors Attributions Internal, Stable, Uncontrollable Global Helplessness Theory Negative experiences are: Internal, Stable, and Global Compare to Self-serving bias Docsity.com Sociocultural Factors Life stressors Example: Loss of someone or something highly valued Poverty, Gender Daylight Seasonal Affective Disorder Bipolar Depression Cycles of abnormal, persistent: High mood (mania) Low mood (depression) • Formerly known as “manic-depressive disorder” Bipolar Disorder is Biological Highest heritability of disorders Concordance rates: Identical twins: ______ Fraternal twins: _______ Increasing severity with each generation Symptom severity Age of onset Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa Weigh less than 85% of normal Fear of weight Distorted body image Amenorrhea 0.5-3.7% of young women Bulimia nervosa Binge-purge eating pattern Normal weight 1-4% of young women Docsity.com Caution: Labeling Effect Perceptual confirmation Observers perceive what they expect to perceive Rosenhan (1973) 7 researchers checked in “hearing voices” Once admitted: acted normally Personality Disorders Chronic, maladaptive cognitive behavioral patterns Part of the person’s personality 10 different types—15% of people have one Antisocial Borderline Antisocial Personality Disorder Psychopath or Sociopath (subgroup) Don’t feel guilty Law-breaking Exploitation of others Irresponsibility Deceit Must be evident before age 15 Borderline Personality Disorder Instability in interpersonal relationships, self- image, and emotions Impulsivity Starts early in life Often self-harm and suicide Docsity.com Stigma Docsity.com
