Understanding Psychological Disorders: Mania, Depression, Anxiety, Personality, Exams of Psychology

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Psychological Disorders Mania - -Abnormally elevated, expansive or irritable mood lasting at least 1 week (hyper) -3 or more of the required symptoms are present Dissociative Identity Disorder - multiple personality in a single person Mood Disorder - -Major Depressive Disorder -Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder - Alternates between depressive symptoms and mania Major Depressive Disorder - Lengthen period of time feelings of hopelessness and sluggishness Major Depressive Episodes - 5 or more of the symptoms have been present for the same 2-weeks -at least on includes depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure Double Depression - meets the criteria for both Dysthymic Disorder with presence of Major Depressive disorders at intervals Dysthymic Disorder - -Milder symptoms but persist for a lot longer -minimum 2-years with no more than 2 months of symptoms Psychological Disorders - Persistently harmful thoughts, feelings, and actions Psychologists Label it as disorder when? - your behavior is deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional Deviant - behavior in one culture maybe considered normal while in others it may lead to arrest Distress - Deviant behavior must be accompanied by it -great pain, anxiety, or sorrow Dysfunctional - you clearly have a disorder -not performing normally The Medical Model - Philipee Pinel, insisted that madness is not demon possession but a sickness of the mind caused by severe stresses and inhumane conditions -unchained them and talked with them, being gentle, isolation with activity, and filthy with clean air and sun shine The Out Come of the Medical Model - in the case psychological disorder,have physical causes that can be diagnosed treated, and in most cases cured, often through treatment in a hospital Obsessice-Computive Disorder - Persisted of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engages in senseless rituals (computions) that cause distress Post-Traumatice Stress disorder - 4 of more weeks of the following symptoms constitute post-traumatic stress disorder 1. haunting memories 2. nightmares 3. social withdrawal 4. jumpy anxiety 5. sleep problems Somatoform Disorders - Unconscious anxiety may manifest itself into physical symptoms Bipolar I - full major depressive episodes followed by a full manic episode onset around age 18 Bipolar II - full major depressive episodes followed by a hypomanic episodes onset around age 19-22 Grief and Depression - -grief is normal emotional processing of loss -may display some symptoms typically associated with Major Depressive Disorder Pathological/Impacted Grief Response - intrusive memories and strong yearnings for missing individuals increased suicidal ideations Mood disorder and suicide - Suicide is 8th leading cause of death in US highest among adolescents elderly suicide ideations vs attempts -males are more successful -females make more attempts Depression and Anxiety - Almost all depressed in individuals are anxious, but not all anxious individuals are depressed Causes of Mood Disorders - Biological psychological socio-cultural Biological - -Genetic predisposition's -Genes -Neurological functions Genetic Predisposition's - twin and familial studies indicate presence of heritability in mood disorders Genes - Indications that mood and anxiety related disorders may be part of the same gene cluster -may inherit vulnerability for developing mood or anxiety related disorder -socio-environmental factors may affect exactly what develops Neurological Functioning - Dysfunction in normal neurotransmitter functioning -imbalance of serotonin which keeps levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in check Length of Depressive Episodes - 2 weeks 9 months -90% remission rate within 5 years for severe cases evidence of residual symptoms increase risk for relapse Onset and Duration of Depression - mean age of onset is 30's length of depressive episodes Mean Age of Onset is Age 30's - -high risk in late adolescence -Indications that risk for depression and suicide attempts is increasing with each generation Onset of Bipolar disorder After Age 40 - -chronic -more rapid cycling through depressive and manic states -incidences of suicide attempts (successes) much higher -cyclothymic disorder also reports a more chronic pattern Psychological - Stressful life events learned helplessness negative cognitive styles Inappropriate Emotions & Actions - A schizophrenic person may laugh at the news of someone dying or show no emotion at all (flat affect). Patients with schizophrenia may continually rub an arm, rock a chair, or remain motionless for hours (catatonia). Chronic Schizophrenia - When schizophrenia is slow to develop recovery is doubtful. Such schizophrenics usually display negative symptoms. Acute Schizophrenia - When schizophrenia rapidly develops recovery is better. Such schizophrenics usually show positive symptoms. Understanding Schizophrenia - -Schizophrenia is a disease of the brain exhibited by the symptoms of the mind. -Brain scans show abnormal activity in the frontal cortex, thalamus, and amygdala of schizophrenic patients. Abnormal Brain Morphology - Schizophrenia patients may exhibit morphological changes in the brain like enlargement of fluid- filled ventricles Biological and Genetic Factors - -Schizophrenia has also been observed in individuals who contracted a viral infection (flu) during the middle of their fetal development. -The likelihood of an individual suffering from schizophrenia is 50% if their identical twin has the disease (Gottesman, 2001). Psychological Factors - Psychological and environmental factors can trigger schizophrenia if the individual is genetically predisposed (Nicol & Gottesman, 1983). Personality Disorders - Enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts Inflexible and maladaptive Aspects of Personality - -Personality disorders become evident early in childhood and remain throughout life -Pervasive influence as it is part of the individual's personality -Although "significant distress and impairment" is a criteria of many psychological disorders, not all individuals with personality disorders will feel distressed by their behavior -Categorical vs. Dimensional Models Personality disorders reflection of different ways of interpreting reality or extreme versions of otherwise normal personality Categorical implications Distinction between those who do and do not have a disorder Personality Clusters - Each personality disorder is categorized into one of 3 "clusters" based on common behaviors and symptoms -A-Odd or Eccentric Behaviors -B-Dramatic, Emotional or Erratic Behaviors -C-Anxious or Fearful Disorders A-Odd or Eccentric Behaviors - Paranoid personality disorder Schizoid personality disorder Schizotypal personality disorder B-Dramatic, Emotional or Erratic Behaviors - Antisocial personality disorder Borderline personality disorder Histrionic personality disorder Narcissistic personality disorder C-Anxious or Fearful Disorders - Avoidant personality disorder Dependent personality disorder