Psychological Theories of Depression - Mind Psychology - Lecture Slides, Slides of Psychology

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Psychological Theories of Depression • Psychoanalytic theory views grief over object loss as the basis for depression • Cognitive views of depression include – Beck’s theory of depression: the way depressed people think is biased towards negative interpretations – Learned helplessness: depressed people are passive because they have been unable in the past to control traumatic events Ch 10.6 Docsity.com Depression and Positive Emotion • Depressed individuals: – Display fewer positive expressions – Report experiencing less pleasant emotion in response to pleasant stimuli – Physiologically less responsive to positive, but not negative, stimuli Docsity.com Learned Helplessness • Learned helplessness view is that depression is a response to a history of failing to control traumatic life events • The Attribution-Learned helplessness view is that depressed people make global, stable and internal attributions • Hopelessness view is that depressed persons expect that desired outcomes will not occur, their actions will have no effect Ch 10.8 Docsity.com  Stressful Life Events  Learned Helplessness  Attributional Style – Internal attributions – Negative outcomes are one’s own fault – Stable attributions – Believing future negative outcomes will be one’s fault – Global attribution – Believing negative events will disrupt many life activities – All three domains contribute to a sense of hopelessness Docsity.com Helplessness Theories of Depression 1. Learned Helplessness Uncontrollable Sense of Depression aversive helplessness 2. Attributional Reformulation Aversive Attribution to Sense of helpless- Depression events global and ness; no response stable factors available to alter Ld the situation 3. Hopelessness Aversive Attribution to Sense of hoplessness; Depression events global and no response stable factors; available to alter the or other situation and an cognitive expectation that factor. desirable outcomes Ch 10.9 Docsity.com Biological Theories of Mood Disorder • Genetic factors for bipolar disorder are supported by adoption, family and twin studies – The role of genetic factors in unipolar depression is not as strong as bipolar disorder • Neurochemistry studies link norepinephrine (NE) to mania/depression and serotonin (5-HT) to depression Ch 10.11 Docsity.com  Biological Dimensions Family Studies Twin Studies – As Severity Increases, so Does the Genetic Connection No Single Genetic Link Docsity.com  Sleep and Circadian Rhythms  Sleep Disturbances are Common  REM Sleep and Depression  Diminished Deep Sleep  Disruption of Circadian Rhythms Docsity.com Therapies for Mood Disorders • Psychoanalysis is not an effective treatment for depression • Beck’s cognitive-behavioral approach involves changing thought patterns and activity levels – Beck’s approach is an effective therapy for depression – Behavioral activation component may be crucial • Social skills training involves improving social interactions so as to lift depression Ch 10.14 Docsity.com Psychological Treatment of Mood Disorders • Cognitive Therapy – Addresses cognitive errors in thinking – Also includes behavioral components (“activation”) • Behavioral Activation – Involves helping depressed persons make increased contact with reinforcing events • Interpersonal Psychotherapy – Focuses on problematic interpersonal relationships • Outcomes with Psychological Treatments Are Comparable to Medications Docsity.com Biological Therapies for Mood Disorders • Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) involves the induction of brain seizures by the application of electrical current to the skull – ECT is an effective therapy for severe depression, but its mechanism of action is unknown • Drug therapy involves ingestion of tricyclic drugs, MAO inhibitor drugs and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) drugs, or mood stabilizers (e.g., Lithium, Tegretol, Depakote, Topamax) for bipolar disorder Ch 10.15 Docsity.com Suicide • Suicide is the intentional ending of one’s own life – Suicide is often related to depression, to drug use and to borderline personality disorder – Suicide is the 9th leading cause of death in the US – There are gender differences in the methods of suicide (men choose guns, women choose drugs) Ch 10.16 Docsity.com  In the United States  300,000 Kill Themselves  9th Leading Cause of Death  Increasing in Adolescents & Elderly  Males > Females in Killing Themselves  Females > Males in Attempts Docsity.com Ten Commonalities of Suicide  The common purpose of suicide is to seek a solution  The common goal of suicide is the cessation of consciousness  The common stimulus in suicide is intolerable psychological pain  The common stressor in suicide is frustrated psychological needs  The common emotion in suicide is hopelessness-helplessness  The common cognitive state in suicide is ambivalence  The common perceptual state in suicide is constriction  The common action in suicide is egression  The common interpersonal act in suicide is communication of intention  The common consistency in suicide is with lifelong coping patterns Ch 10.17 Docsity.com