Psychology 2301: Exam 2 Study Guide Questions & Answers (RATED A+), Exams of Psychology

Download Psychology 2301: Exam 2 Study Guide Questions & Answers (RATED A+) and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! Psychology 2301: Exam 2 Study Guide Questions & Answers (RATED A+) What are the three steps to forming a memory? - ANSWEREncoding, storage, retrieval. How many items can the average person store in their short-term memory? - ANSWERThe average person can store about 7 items in their short term memory. (5-9) True or False? Long-term memory has no limit on the amount of information that can be stored. - ANSWERTrue, there are no limits for long term memories. What is the difference between an explicit and an implicit memory? - ANSWERExplicit memories require conscious thoughts while implicit does not. Memories for events in your own life are called ___________ memories. - ANSWEREpisodic. What is, by far, the leading cause of false convictions? - ANSWEREyewitness misidentification is the leading cause of false convictions What is the misinformation effect? - ANSWERThe weakening in your memory that occurs after being exposed to misleading information. What is an encoding failure? - ANSWERAn "encoding failure" is the brain's occasional failure to create a memory link. A __________ is the way the brain has of organizing information that allows it to make assumptions about the world and work more efficiently - ANSWERSchemata Algorithm - ANSWERAlgorithm is a step-by-step problem-solving formula (direction manual). Heuristic - ANSWERA heuristic is the general problem-solving framework, working backward and breaking down into steps. Confirmation bias - ANSWERThe inclination to focus on, or seek out information that confirms what you already believe is called the What is the representative bias - ANSWERA faulty way of thinking where you unintentionally stereotype someone or something. Phonemes - ANSWERBasic sound units; indicates change in meaning; universal; 45 phonemes in English, up to 85 in other languages; string together to create morphemes; examples:/s/, /z/, /ch/, /th/, /k/, etc. Morphemes - ANSWERSmallest meaningful units of speech; simple words, suffixes, prefixes; examples: red, hot, calm, -ed, pre- True or False? A morpheme conveys some sort of meaning - ANSWERTrue, a morpheme conveys meaning Crystalized intelligence - ANSWERCrystalized intelligence is acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it. Fluid intelligence - ANSWERFluid intelligence is the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems. If I am quite good at picking up on emotional cues from other people, then I probably score highly on which type of intelligence? - ANSWERInterpersonal intelligence Intrapersonal Intelligence - ANSWERTerm for self-awareness or introspection. People who have high intrapersonal intelligence are aware of their emotions, motivations, beliefs, and goals. What two types of intelligence combined to form emotional intelligence? - ANSWERInter- and intra-personal intelligence combine to form emotional intelligence. What is the Flynn effect? - ANSWERThe Flynn effect is the observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the last. Approximately __________ % of people score below a _________ on an IQ test, which typically indicates significant cognitive delay - ANSWER2.2, 70 Dysgraphia - ANSWERDysgraphia is difficulty writing or organizing words on paper. A learning disability that involves difficulty in handwriting. Dyslexia - ANSWERDyslexia is trouble primary associated with reading. According to Freud, what part of our consciousness acts as our moral guide or ethical code? - ANSWERAccording to Freud out superego is the part of our consciousness that acts as our moral guide or ethical code. What is reciprocal determinism? - ANSWERReciprocal determinism is the theory that a person's behavior influences and is influenced by personal factors as well as its' social environment. What five traits make up the "Five Factor Model" of personality? - ANSWEROpenness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism make up the "Five Factor Model". Conscientiousness - ANSWERHigh Scores tend to be careful, realiable, hardworking, and organized. -Included competence, order, duitfulness, achievment striving, self-discipline, and deliberation. used to treat schizophrenia are obesity, diabetes, constipation, dry mouth, blurred vision, drowsiness, and elevated cholesterol levels. James-Lange Theory - ANSWEREmotions can arise from a number of sources Emotions are always linked to physical states Cannon-Bard Theory - ANSWEROur physical response to emotion and our feelings of emotion occur at the same time Schachter-Singer Theory - ANSWEREmotional arousal signals us to evaluate what is going on Then, we can identify the emotion we are experiencing Somatovisceral Afference Model Of Emotion (SAME) - ANSWERA range of physical sensations, from precise to general, requires varying degrees of cognitive processing prior to the subjective feeling Microexpression - ANSWERSmall giving away of emotion when you try to hide it Does memory exist in isolation - ANSWERNo Memory works with... - ANSWERMemory works with sensation, attention, perception, learning, etc. to processing information Three steps of memory - ANSWERencoding, storage, retrieval Encoding - ANSWERAcquiring information and transferring it to memory Storage - ANSWERthe retention of encoded information over time Retrival - ANSWERthe process of bringing to consciousness information from memory storage Classic model emphasizing three types of memory - ANSWERSensory Short-Term (working) Long-Term Sensory Memory - ANSWERHolds nearly ALL information from one of your senses for a very BRIEF period of time Capacity = Almost limitless Duration = Less than one second Short-Term Memory - ANSWERA small amount of info from sensory memory that moves forward Things you pay attention to Different kinds of into exist in different "codes" Sounds, sights, meanings Has significant limitations for duration and capacity Duration Lasts around 30 seconds at most Rehearsal The process by which we repeat info in our heads to keep it in short-term memory Capacity Severely limited Only between 5-9 bits of info Short term/working memory allows us to seek out relevant info =, use it, and then discard it Chunking - ANSWEROrganizing items into familiar, manageable units Long-Term Memory - ANSWERSeems to have limitless capacity and duration Memories can last a lifetime How does info get from STM-LTM Rehearsal Two types Maintenance - repeating info over and over Elaborative - connecting info to things already known Elaborative Rehearsal leads to better memorization Produces more meaning A deeper level of understanding Types of long term memory - ANSWERexplicit and implicit Explicit memory (LTM) - ANSWEREasy to discuss verbally Accessed in a conscious and direct manner Requires effort to remember Example: What you had for dinner last night or remembering your name Implicit - ANSWERMemories that are hard to verbalize Unconscious memories Effortless Example: How to bring the fork to your mouth Abnormal behavior is - ANSWERUnusual (Deviant) Distressing (Distressing) Harmful to self or others (Dysfunctional) Two Major components of anxiety - ANSWERStrong negative emotions Physical tension Generalized Anxiety Disorder - ANSWERExcessive anxiety and worry for 6 months that is NOT related to ANY PARTICULAR OBJECT OR SITUATION Worried about life in general Associated with physical complaints such as headache, stomachache, and muscles tension MOST LIKELY TO OCCUR TO PEOPLE WHO HAVE GENETIC PREDISPOSITION External stress such as socioeconomic factors or the disruption of social relationships can trigger GAD in these individuals Panic Disorder - ANSWERRepeated panic attacks and fear of future attacks Experience of INTENSE FEAR and AROUSAL in the ABSENCE OF REAL THREATS Last around 10 minutes: pounding heart, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, chest pain, nausea, dizziness, or faintness Biological predisposition to panic response in the brain - exposed to a social stressor - mistakes normale arousal for panic, patterns of thinking about arousal state that is mistaken for panic Phobias - ANSWERExperiencing unrealistic fears Can significantly affect the quality of life Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) - ANSWERHaunting, intrusive thoughts (obsession) and/or the need to engage in repetitive, ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) About 1% of the US population Obsession NOT everyday worries Contamination, ordering, impulses, etc. Effort to ward of anxiety produced obsessions STRONG GENETIC DISPOSITION LOW LEVELS OF SEROTONIN EVOLUTIONARY ROOTS IN NORMAL GROOMING AND TERRITORIAL BEHAVIOR CULTURAL RITUALS MAY BECOME EXAGGERATED Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) - ANSWERFormerly known as shell-shock Experienced after trauma Hyper-vigilance, emotional numbing, flashbacks, terrible dreams, etc. Affects 3-4% of the adult population Children are more vulnerable than adults