Psychology 460 Counseling & Interviewing, Slides of Psychology

Download Psychology 460 Counseling & Interviewing and more Slides Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! 1 Psychology 460 Counseling & Interviewing California State University, Northridge Sheila. K. Grant, Ph.D. Overview of Course • Syllabus • Schedule of Activities • General Introduction • Microcounseling / Microskills Approach – What is it? – Microskills Hierachy – Attending Skills – Listening Skills (Active Listening) – Influencing Skills – Focus & Selective Attention – Confrontation – 5-Stage Interview Model Introduction • Corey’s perspective: – No single model can explain all the facets of human experience • Eleven approaches to counseling and psychotherapy are discussed • The Corey book assumes: – Students can begin to acquire a counseling style tailored to their own personality • The process will take years • Different theories are not “right” or “wrong” Introduction • Gerald Corey Where Corey Stands • He is strongly influenced by the existential approach and so believes: – Clients can exercise freedom to choose their future – The quality of the client/therapist relationship is KEY • He likes to use a variety of techniques: – Role playing and various techniques from cognitive and behavioral therapy approaches Where Corey Stands • He believes: – “…counseling entails far more than becoming a skilled technician” • Who you are as a therapist, is critical • Students should experience being a “client” and feel anxiety over self disclosure, and learn to model courage and growth – It is not “sufficient to be merely a good person with good intentions” • Also essential are a knowledge of counseling theory and techniques, theories of personality, and supervised experiences 2 Suggestions for Course & Using Book • Relate readings to your own experiences – Reflect on your own needs, motivations, values, and life experiences • Apply key concepts and techniques to your own personal growth • Develop a personalized style of counseling that reflects your personality • Early on, read chapter 16 and skim chapter 15 Overview of 11 Therapeutic Approaches 1. Psychoanalytic therapy 2. Adlerian therapy 3. Existential therapy 4. Person-centered therapy 5. Gestalt therapy 6. Behavior therapy 7. Cognitive behavior therapy 8. Reality therapy 9. Feminist therapy 10. Postmodern approaches 11. Family systems therapy Overview of 11 Therapeutic Approaches • Psychoanalytic therapy – Sigmund Freud – Theory of personality – Philosophy of human nature – Method of psychotherapy – Focuses on unconscious factors that motivate our behavior – Events of 1st 6 years crucial determinants of later development Overview of 11 Therapeutic Approaches Adlerian therapy _ Alfred Adler _ Followed by Rudolf Dreikers in U.S. _ Growth Model _ Stresses: -Taking Responsibility -Creating own destiny -Finding meaning & goals to give life direction -Key concepts used in most other current therapies Overview of 11 Therapeutic Approaches Existential therapy _ Victor Frankl, Rollo May, Irvin Yalom _ Stresses building therapy on basic conditions of human existence, such as - choice - the freedom & responsibility to shapes one’s life - self-determination _ Focuses on quality of person-to-person therapeutic relationship Overview of 11 Therapeutic Approaches Person-centered therapy _ Carl Rogers _ Nondirective reaction to psychoanalysis _ Subjective view of human experiencing _ Places faith in & gives responsibility to client in dealing w/ problems 5 Microcounseling / Microskills Approach • Microskills approach makes it clear that sometimes any intervention can be inappropriate for particular clients or groups • what works in one situation or with one client may not work with the next situation or client • To be an effective counselor or therapist, you must observe what occurs in the interview and change your approach to meet the present situation Microskills Hierarchy Microcounseling / Microskills Approach • Nonverbal factors: what the helper brings to the interview – Through body language & facial expression, the counselor expresses an attitude toward the client – Look at following pictures of a counselor listening to a client in 2 different ways Microcounseling / Microskills Approach Put Figure 3.2 from Ivey Microcounseling / Microskills Approach • What specific attitudes were expressed in the photos? • Be precise as possible in identifying observable aspects of nonverbal behavior • What do you see in photo on left? • In photo on right? • Different Cultures respond differently • North American vs Navajo – A Navajo reported photo on right was much more inviting & appropriate, although other Navajos might not agree Microcounseling / Microskills Approach • Attending Skills – Attending Behavior (1st rung of Microskills Hierachy) – Definition: • Culturally & individually appropriate • Dimensions of Nonverbal Communication: – EYE CONTACT (North American Pattern: when listening to person, direct eye contact is appropriate; when talking, eye contact often less frequent) – BODY LANGUAGE (North American Pattern: Slight forward trunk lean facing the person; handshake a general sign of welcome) 6 Microcounseling / Microskills Approach • Attending Skills – Attending Behavior (1st rung of Microskills Hierachy) – Definition: • Culturally & individually appropriate • Dimensions of Nonverbal Communication: – VOCAL QUALITIES (Does your voice communicate warmth & interest OR boredom & lack of caring?) – SILENCE: – Can be powerful way of supporting your client – As you become more interested you may be tempted to over involve yourself and intervene too much – Most important gift you can give a client is attending Microcounseling / Microskills Approach • Attending Skills – Attending Behavior (1st rung of Microskills Hierachy) – Definition: • Culturally & individually appropriate • Dimensions of Nonverbal Communication: – VERBAL TRACKING SKILLS (Stay on topic with client & seldom interrupt or change topics abruptly) – PHYSICAL SPACE: Conversation distance is ordinarily “arm’s length” or more for comfort – TIME: Highly structured, linear view of time; generally “on time” for appointment Microcounseling / Microskills Approach • Listening Skills (Active Listening) – We will learn more in Group Task #3 • Basic Listening Sequence – Open & Closed Questions • Open: “What” (facts), “How” (process or feeling), “Why” (reasons), “Could” (general picture) • Closed: Usually begin with “do” “is” “are” & can be answered in a few words – Client Observation Skills: • Encouraging (Repeat back to client a few of client’s main words…encourages detailed elaboration of the specific words & their meaning), • Paraphrasing (Group Task # 5), • Reflection of Feeling (Group Task #6) and • Summarization (Group Task #6) Microcounseling / Microskills Approach • 5-Stage Interview Structure – 1. Rapport/Structuring (establishing rapport & structure…may take longer to develop rapport with some cultural groups) – 2. Defining the Problem (Gathering data & identifying assets…not all client appreciate the careful delineation of issues) – 3. Defining a Goal (Determining outcomes/goal setting…to find out the ideal world of client) – 4. Exploration of Alternatives & Confronting Incongruity (to work toward resolution of the client’s issue) – 5. Generalization to Daily Life (generalizes & transferring learning…to enable changes in thoughts, feelings, & behaviors in daily life) Microcounseling / Microskills Approach • Confrontation: – Often think of confrontation as a hostile & aggressive act – Usually a far more gentle process in counseling/therapy in which we point out to client discrepancies between or among attitudes, thoughts, or behaviors – In confrontation, clients are faced directly with the fact that they may be saying other that what they mean, or doing other than what they say – One of main tasks of counseling is to assist clients to work through, resolve, or learn to live with incongruities Microcounseling / Microskills Approach • Confrontation: – Importance of identifying & resolving incongruities cannot be overemphasized – A useful model sentence for confrontation is: “On one hand, you think/feel/behave . . . But on the other hand, you think/feel/behave . . . – This model sentence provides the essence of the confrontation situation faced by client – It’s nonjudgemental & helps to clarify the confusing situation faced by client – Using your hands in a gesture as if weighing the two alternatives can be very useful in emphasizing the contradiction 7 Microcounseling / Microskills Approach • Confrontation: – An overly confronting, charismatic therapist can retard client growth, as can an overly cautious therapist – Counseling/therapy requires a careful balance of confrontation with supporting qualities of warmth, positive regard, and respect – The empathic therapist is one who can maintain a balance. A “push-pull,” of confrontation and support by utilizing a wide variety of counseling skills & theories Microcounseling / Microskills Approach • Focus & Selective Attention – Beginning counselors/therapists often focus on problems instead of the people in front of them – It’s generally (but not always) wiser to first focus on the client & later on the problem – Temptation is to focus on the problem & solve it, perhaps even disregarding the thoughts & feelings of the client in the process – Although focus should usually be on the client, it can be invaluable to broaden the focus in a balanced fashion to include several additional dimensions Microcounseling / Microskills Approach • Focus Analysis – 7 dimensions of microskill focus below are vital for understanding what is happening in any therapy session – It is possible to respond to the client’s statement in any of several ways: • 1. Client focus • 2. Other focus • 3. Family focus • 4. Problem/main theme focus • 5. Interviewer focus • 6. “We focus • 7. Cultural/environmental/contextual focus – The microskill of focusing can be beneficial in helping clients gain multiple perspectives on their issues Microcounseling / Microskills Approach • Reflection of Meaning – Selective attention to emotional content of interview – Function in interview: • Results in clarification of emotion underlying key facts; • Promotes discussion of feelings Microcounseling / Microskills Approach • Influencing Skills – Interpretation/reframing – Directive – Advice/information – Self-disclosure – Feedback – Logical consequences – Influencing summary Microcounseling / Microskills Approach • Influencing Skills – Interpretation/reframing • Provides an alternative frame of reference from which the client may view a situation • May be drawn from a theory or from one’s own personal observation’s • Interpretation may be viewed as the core influencing skill • Function: – The interpretation provides the client with a clear-cut alternative perception of “reality”