Biological and Psychological Factors Influencing Sexual Orientation, Exams of Nursing

Download Biological and Psychological Factors Influencing Sexual Orientation and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! 1 Psychology Of Human Sexuality Exam Study Guide Review Graded A Contraception & Abortion Contraception & Unwanted Births - 90% of women aged 15-45 are sexually active, and fertile, but don't want to get pregnant - 73 million unwanted pregnancies annually <50% of all pregnacies lead to the birth of a wanted child - Spontaneous abortion/ miscarriage: 15% - Induced induced abortion: 22% - Unwanted or mistimed births: 19% - Wanted pregnancy: 44% Failure rates - Contraception failure rates - No method has the highest failure rate: physical method - Hormone method 30% usage: .3% effective with perfect use; 8% with typical use - Behavioural method is less used and second highest failure rate of 25% with typical use Methods of contraceptive - Physical - Hormone based - Behavioural based - Sterilization Physical Method — block out sperm transportation - Male and female condoms - Diaphragms and cervical caps - A barrier placed over the cervix as a contraceptive - Small cap suction to the cervix - IDU’s - Placed in the uterus as a contraceptive Hormone based methods - Contraceptive pills 2 - 40% of undergrads - Typical use failure rates is about 8% - Extremely reliable with perfect use - The use of the pill for over 10 years reduce your chances of cancers Behavioural method - Withdraw method — 27% failure - Fertile awareness method — “the fertile window” - Avoiding the fertile window - Standard day method - Calendar rhythm method - Cervical mucus method - Sympto-thermal method - Less reliable Abortion - Induced - Preformed intentionally by medical ir surgical means - Therapeutic abortion - Performed to safeguard the women’s life or health - Elective abortion - Preformed when the women’s heath is not at risk - Surgical abortion - Physically removing the fetus and its membrane from the uterus - Medical abortion - Administrating drugs that cause the death of the fetus Vacuum Aspiration — standard first trimester surgical method - The consetpus is destroyed and removed by suction Medical abortion and mifepristone and misoprostol - Normal pregnancy —> endometrium is sustained by progesterone - Mifepristone blocks progesterone leading tot he break down of the endometrium and the death of the embryo - Misoprostol —> casues myometrial contractions and expulsion of the fetal remains… the fetus falls out Sexual Orientation 5 of sexual orientation 6 Biological theories of homosexuality focus on prenatal hormones and genes - Tostestrone and androgens The maternal immune hypothesis for the birth order effect in sexual orientation suggests that - Mother are passing on male specific antigens to their male fetus In most random sample surveys, less than 1% of women report that they are only sexually attracted to other women. - Women are more fluid with their sexuality Biological sex differences the exist between gay and straight men - Eye blink reflex - Size of cerebral hemispheres - Function of the inner ear - Relative figure length Behavioural genetic studies on sexual orientation have found that… - Many gay men are gender-atypical in some sex-differentiated cognitive traits, such as verbal fluency. Why? - the same factors that influence certain gender-typical traits are likely to influence sexual orientation. - Which pair should have the highest correlation of sexual orientation - Molecular genetic studies orientation have found Sexual attraction, Arousal and Sexual Behavior What is beauty - Symmetry — consistent across cultures - More symmetrical = More beautiful - Asymmetry = less beautiful - Masc- Femin - More sexual differences = more attractive - Meaning, the more feminine a woman looks, the more beautiful she’s deemed and vice versa - Babyfacedness — child like features; more promenade with men, not so much with women - 30% more child like = most attractive - Why? Youth = fertility. Evolutionary/Biologcial influences 7 Attractiveness of bodies may be related to reproductive success - Waist-to-hip ratio — hourglass figure; fertility 10 - High state of arousla that may be maintained for a matter of minutes to hours. - Orgasm - Climax of sexual arousal - Subjective experience of intense pleasure - Release of oxytocin - Intense pleasure and release at sexual climax - Altred consciousness or loss of control: grunt or shout with no control - Resolution - Stage where arousal subsides - Everything returns to its natural state Brain activity during orgasm - Most active brain region: the midline of the brain. Including part of the thalamus and nearby structures - Activation of dopamine- related neural systems - Decrease I activity in the cerebral cortex - Not thinking Sexual Behavior What constitute as sexual behavior - Emotions, arousal, attraction, flirting, masturbation, kissing, physical touch, oral/anal sex, position, intercourse Masturbation - Most common form of sexual expression — normal and healthy… - However, masturbation triggers negative emotions - A lot of cultures + religions teach that masturbation is wrong — > shame - Biological and cultural influences - Men > Women - Older people > Younger people - Single >Married - The more educated > less educated individuals Masturbation and Age - Ages 25-39, people tend to masturbate most Masturbation and Education 11 - Less educated individuals = more conservative views on masturbation 12 - Less educated people engage in partner sex - More educated is open to masturbation Masturbation and marital status - Single people are more likely to masturbate — duh - Never married but cohabiting. Why so high? Coolidge effect? Masturbation, religion, and race - Black people report to masturbate less than any other racial community - Why? Religion and community all saying that its bad Masturbation, religion, and race - Gay identifying people tent to masturbate more than any other orientation - Why? Less shame Noncoital behaviors - Kissing —> Making out - Oral sex - Fellatio vs. Cunnilingus vs. Anilingus - Fellatio: Oral stimulation of the penis - Cunnilingus: Oral stimulation of the vulva - Anilingus: Oral stimulation of the Anus Coitus (Sexual Orientation) - Missionary is more common - 1940’s 75% of Americans had never tired any other sexual positions Fertility, Pregnancy and Childbirth Likelihood of conception - 20% chance of conception for young fertile people without contraception - Sub-fertile: When a woman doesn't get pregnant after a year of unprotected sex. - Doc recommendation is to try every month for 12 months before trying IVF or fertility treatment - Ovum (female reproductive cell) is only viable 24 hours post ovulation - Meaning, if the sperm doesn’t fertilize the egg, your body reabsorbs 15 - Most within the initial 6 weeks - 20% of detected pregnancies are lost via miscarriages in the first 3 months - Ectopic pregnancy (1% of all pregnancies) 16 - Enplantation somewhere besides the uterus - Ex. In the oviducts - That pregnancy would need to be terminated Pregnancy - 3 trimesters - Onset of last menstruation - Naegele’s rule - Due date is 9 months plus 1 week after the onset of last period First Trimester - Most significant period of pregnancy - Embryo implanted in the uterine wall - By 8 week embryo turns into the fetus - Sexual differences and genitalia - Most of the major organs are developed by 12 weeks - Pregnancy pounds — about 28 pounds Second Trimester - Begins at 13 weeks of gestation - Most early sysmtops of early pregnancy disappears — morning sickness, fatigue… - Quickening: mother feels fetus’s movement - Test may be done to check for abnormalities or congestion disorders - Congestional disorders: - Amniocentesis: the sampling of the amniotic fluid for purposes of prenatal diagnosis - Fine needle is inserted into the amniotic sac under the ultrasound guidance. A sample of the amniotic fluid, containing free floating cells derived from the fetus, is removed - Chrionic villus sampling: the sampling of tissue from the placenta for purposes of prenatal diagnosis - A catheter is passed through the cervix into the placenta and a small fragment of placental tissue derived from the fetus is removed Third Trimester - Begins 27 weeks of gestational age - Weighs 2 pounds, and rapidly gains 2 ounces per day 17 - Anxiety/depression is not uncommon - Time for preparation for birth 20 - Interpersonal sexual activity in children is harmless - Talking about sex, looking at porn, kissing, hugging… - Varying depending on culture 21 Adult child sexual contacts - Sexual contact between adults and children are dealt out the context of atypical sexuality or sexual assault - These contacts are not uncommon - 75% of women and 25% of men report at least one childhood sexual experience involving an adult - Sexual assault against children is less common than it used to be - One such contact with an adult or multiple times by one adult - 80-90% of contact involves an adult touching a Childs genitalia - 7-10 year olds — 1/3 of children < age 7 males - 11-13 year olds for female - A relative or family friend - Extremely harmful to the child - No long term adverse consequences, only mild ones Preadolescent sexual activity - Age 8-13 when puberty starts - Most sexual information is learned from peer networking - Spends most of their time In same sex groups - Older preadolescents engage in sexual behaviors with their same sex - 7% experience coitus before the age of 13 Sexual exploration during adolescence —12 to 18 - Onset of puberty - Increase of sexual behaviours and feelings - Hormone levels are strong predictors of when individuals will being puberty Masturbation in males + females - About 40% of males masturbate at the onset of puberty - Females, +/- years marked the onset of puberty Noncotial sex among teens - Oral sex is common among teens - 1 in 10 teens - Experienced by teens who have already had vaginal intercourse Young adult relationships - Medium age of marriage in the USA was 29 for men and 27 for women - Between puberty and marriage, most young adults spend a 22 portion go time… 25 - In XX fetuses, girls, the high levels of androgens cause a partial masculinization of the genitals: The clitoris is often enlarged, for example, and the labia may be partially fused in the midline Do life experiences influence gender? - Gender is molded by social and cultural influences - Primary social influence is the family - Reward and punishment - Language - Media - Influence of feminism - Peer group Cognitive developmental model - Gender constancy - Motivates child to develop stereotypical ideas - Gender schemas - Framework of ideas about gender influencing perception, judgements, memories - Ideas about that topic - Sexual scripts - Sexual behaviors is a form of role play - How are tou supposed to act in a given setting - Culturally - Fitting behavior, sexual behavior Childhood gender nonconformity - Althetics, aggression, rough play - Toy preference - Career ambition - Cross dressing - Affiliation with Adult sexual orientation and childhood gender nonconformity - Strong empirical link established for males in both prospective and retrospective studies - Feminine boys have a greatly increase probability of adult homosexuality - Analogous studies for women show similar results How to treat gender dysphoric children - “Watchful waiting” model —> don't make decisions right 26 away; let them come to whatever conclusion they want to when they are ready 27 - Gender affirmative model of care - Take action to allow child to exercise their gender - Negative reactions cause psychological problems -