Download Learning and Memory: Understanding Classical Conditioning, Encoding, Storage and Retrieval and more Study notes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! Chapter 5-Learning What is learning?- A relatively permanent change in Behavior, Knowledge, Capability, and Attitude. - Takes place at the synapses. What is classical conditioning? - A type of learning in which an organism learns to associate one stimulus with another. What was Pavlov’s experiment? - Dog’s salivating in preparation for food. What are the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR? (be able to recognize them in a scenario) -UCS: Stimulus that elicits a specific unconditioned response without learning. - Ex: Salviate when food is in front. (Natural Response) - UCR: Response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning. - Same Example. - CS: Neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairing with an UCS, becomes associated with it and elicits a CR. - Seeing the people= get food, so dogs start to salivate. -CR: Learned response that comes to be elicited by a CS as a result of its repeated pairing with an UCS. - Dogs salivate upon hearing bell. What is generalization? -The tendency to make the learned response to a stimulus similar to that for which the response was originally reinforced. Discrimination: Extinction: What was Watson and Raynor’s experiement? -Little Albert. Conditioned him to be afraid of anything white. -Cs: Rat. UCS: Loud noise. CR: Fear Reaction. UCR: Fear Reaction What did Rescorla state was the critical element in classical conditioning? shaping: Successive approximations: What are reinforcers? -Anything that follows a response and strengthens it; increases the probability that it will occur. What is positive reinforcement? - Any pleasant or desirable consequence that follows a response if it strengthens or increases the occurrence of that response. -Ex: Negative Reinforcment: - An unpleasant condition is terminated or avoided. -Ex: Turn on AC to avoid heat, so you will do it again; gone to classes. Middle of winter- you walk faster. (Negative b/c you want to get away from the cold faster.) Punishment? - Adds an unpleasant condition. -Ex: What are primary and secondary reinforcement? -Primary: A reinforce that fulfills a basic physical need for survival and does not depend on learning. -Ex: Food, water, sleep, termination of pain. -Secondary: Acquired or learned through association with other rein forcers. -Ex: ‘A’s’ in school, money, extra credit, present What are fixed and variable ratios and intervals? -Fixed-Ratio: Ratio is number of times behavior occurs. -Ex: Migrant workers get paid for how many ears of corn they bring in. -Variable-Ratio: Don’t know when it will occur. Based on responses, but not fixed. -The smallest units of meaning in a language. Syntax: -The aspect of grammar that specifies the rules for arranging and combining words to form phrases and sentences; RULES OF GRAMMAR. What is Spearman’s theory of intelligence: -There is a general intelligence. What is Gardner’s theory of intelligence? -There are nine different intelligenes. What is Sternberg’s theory of intelligence? What is an IQ deviation score? What is reliability: -The ability of a test to yield nearly the same score when the same people are tested and then restarted on the same test or an alternative form of the test. Validity: -Ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure. What did Lewis Terman discover in his study of gifted individuals? What is the nature-nurture controversy? What do adoption studies indicate about the role of nature v nurture in intellectual development? What are convergent and divergent thinking? Chapter 10-Motivation What is Maslow’s hierarchy? What are intrinsic and extrinsic motivation? What is an instinct? What is drive-reduction theory? Arousal theory? What are intracellular and extracellular thirst? What area of the brain contains the feeding center and satiety center? What hormone is produced by fat tissues? What are the Cannon-Bard, James-Lange, Schacter-Singer, and Lazarus theories of emotion and how it is demonstrated? What brain structure is related to fear? What information have studies of infant’s facial expressions and emotional expression provided us with? What are the components of Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love?
