Sleep Stages & Neurons: Comprehensive Guide for Psychology VCE Units 3 & 4, Exams of Nursing

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Psychology VCE units 3 and 4 Study Guides Altered State of Consciousness - Correct Answer ✅a type of consciousness other than normal waking consciousness subjective - Correct Answer ✅based on personal experience or feeling, not from external evidence normal waking consciousness - Correct Answer ✅The states of consciousness associated with being awake and aware of our thoughts, memories, feelings and sensations we are experiencing from the outside world awareness - Correct Answer ✅perceptions, thoughts, motives and feelings that are in our consciousness at any one time selective attention - Correct Answer ✅the ability to focus awareness on certain stimuli while ignoring others dichotic listening test - Correct Answer ✅a test in which a subject is asked to repeat different numbers heard simultaneously in the left and right ear Psychology VCE units 3 and 4 Study Guides shadowing - Correct Answer ✅An experimental method that requires people to repeat the attended message out loud. divided attention - Correct Answer ✅concentrating on more than one activity at the same time content limitation - Correct Answer ✅the process of selecting which information to attend to at any one time controlled process - Correct Answer ✅information processing involving conscious, alert awareness and mental effort automatic process - Correct Answer ✅information processing involving minimal awareness and mental effort hallucinations - Correct Answer ✅sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of sensory stimulation Psychology VCE units 3 and 4 Study Guides hypnic jerk - Correct Answer ✅sudden leg movement or spasm in the body that may occur as a person drifts off to sleep sleep spindle - Correct Answer ✅signifies the true onset of sleep and is characterised by a short burst of high frequency brainwaves that last approximatley a second K-complex - Correct Answer ✅a brainwave pattern that occurs in response to stimuli in the environment or muscle tension in the body, characterised by a single burst of low frequency and high amplitude brainwave activity in stage 2 of sleep (light sleep) slow-wave sleep - Correct Answer ✅refers to stages 3 and 4 sleep which is the deepest stage of sleep characterised by slow and low frequency waves of high amplitude REM sleep - Correct Answer ✅a fifth stage of sleep characterised by quick, jerking eye movements, increased heart rate, blood pressure and metabolic rate, and a Psychology VCE units 3 and 4 Study Guides complete paralysis of the muscles in the body. REM sleep is also called 'paradoxical sleep' stage 1 of sleep - Correct Answer ✅(NREM) alpha and theta waves, medium and irregular frequency and a mixture od low and high amplitude waves stage 2 of sleep - Correct Answer ✅(NREM) theta waves, slightly lower frequency and higher amplitude than stage 1 stage 3 of sleep - Correct Answer ✅(NREM) theta and delta waves, lower frequency and higher amplitude than stage 2 stage 4 of sleep - Correct Answer ✅(NREM) delta waves, low frequency and high amplitude stage 5 of sleep - Correct Answer ✅(REM) high frequency and low amplitude evolutionary theory of sleep - Correct Answer ✅'sleep enables us to keep out of harms way at night' Psychology VCE units 3 and 4 Study Guides restoration theory of sleep - Correct Answer ✅'sleep enables the body to recover from the wear and tear that occurs during the day' consolidation theory of sleep - Correct Answer ✅'during sleep we process information that we have learnt during the day and new memories are strengthened' subjective data - Correct Answer ✅a personal account or a personal interpretation of data which may contain unintentional bias and/or inaccuracies objective data - Correct Answer ✅data that is free of bias and is unable to be changed or manipulated electroencephalograph - Correct Answer ✅a device that Detects, Amplifies, Records the Electrical activity of the neurons inn the brain Psychology VCE units 3 and 4 Study Guides adults and sleep - Correct Answer ✅require 8 hours of sleep a night, of which REM occupies 20% of elderly and sleep - Correct Answer ✅average 6-7 hours of sleep a night, and experience less deep slow-wave sleep, and may not go through stage 3 or 4 at all neurons - Correct Answer ✅transmits signals between different parts of the body, coordinates actions, and provides the biological basis for psychological experiene central NS - Correct Answer ✅the brain and spinal cord- the control, decision making and communication centre, also responsible for reflexes peripheral NS - Correct Answer ✅carries information between the CNS and the rest of the body sensory/afferent neuron - Correct Answer ✅a neuron conducting impulses inwards to the brain or spinal cord Psychology VCE units 3 and 4 Study Guides interneurons - Correct Answer ✅nerve cells found entirely within the CNS that act as a link between sensory neurons and motor neurons motor/efferent neurons - Correct Answer ✅a neuron conducting impulses outwards from the brain or spinal cord dendrites - Correct Answer ✅a branch-like extension of the neuron that receives input and communicates with other neurons axon - Correct Answer ✅the nerve fibre of a neuron myelin sheath - Correct Answer ✅a layer of insulation around the axon synapse - Correct Answer ✅the connection, including the gap between neurons, across which signals are carried by neurotransmitters Psychology VCE units 3 and 4 Study Guides reflex response - Correct Answer ✅an automatic response made by a pathway of neurons from sense organs to the spinal cord to the muscles without going to the brain somatic NS - Correct Answer ✅a part of the PNS, conveying sensory info to the CNS and motor messages to the muscles autonomic NS - Correct Answer ✅serves basic life functions (such as heart rate) and connects the CNS to internal organs that or involuntarily or automatically regulated by the brain parasympathetic NS - Correct Answer ✅division of the autonomic NS that dominates in calm and maintains the sense of homeostasis in normal functioning sympathetic NS - Correct Answer ✅division of the autonomic NS that dominates when under stress by activating internal muscles to initiate a 'fight or flight' response Psychology VCE units 3 and 4 Study Guides frontal lobe - Correct Answer ✅largest lobe, responsible for higher order functions such as (PPAT ML) planning, personality, abstract thinking, movement and language- left side only primary motor cortex (PMC) - Correct Answer ✅part of the frontal lobe responsible for voluntary movement; organised topographically according to fine motor movement requirements Broca's area - Correct Answer ✅area in the left frontal lobe responsible for the production of fluent speech parietal lobe - Correct Answer ✅section at the top of the cerebral cortex responsible for sensory processing primary somatosensory cortex - Correct Answer ✅part of the parietal lobe responsible for the intial processing of incoming sensory information Psychology VCE units 3 and 4 Study Guides temporal lobe - Correct Answer ✅at the side of the cerebral cortex, responsible for hearing and language comprehension- left side only- and memory formation primary auditory cortex - Correct Answer ✅part of the temporal lobe responsible for processing incoming auditory sense information- tonotopically organised auditory association areas - Correct Answer ✅located in the temporal lobe, where meaningless sounds are transformed into recognisable auditory information Wernicke's area - Correct Answer ✅an area in the left temporal lobe responsible for speech comprehension and for meaningful speech occipital lobe - Correct Answer ✅section at the rear of the cerebral cortex important for vision Psychology VCE units 3 and 4 Study Guides primary visual cortex - Correct Answer ✅part of the occipital lobe responsible for processing incoming visual sense information hemispheric specialisation - Correct Answer ✅the concept that one hemisphere has greater control over certain functions that the other, AKA hemispheric lateralisation left hemisphere functions - Correct Answer ✅verbal tasks, mathematical skills, analytical functions self recognition, motor control of right side of the body, hearing of right ear right hemisphere functions - Correct Answer ✅non-verbal tasks, spatial activities, holistic approach recognising others, motor control of left side of the body, hearing of the left ear aphasia - Correct Answer ✅the impairment of language arising from brain damage Broca's aphasia - Correct Answer ✅occurs after damage to Broca's area, characterised by an inability to produce clear Psychology VCE units 3 and 4 Study Guides Atkinson-Shiffrin model - Correct Answer ✅outlines the structure of human memory into sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory sensory memory - Correct Answer ✅very brief information store for information coming in from the senses. it is unlimited in capacity, and if paid attention to, moves to STM iconic memory - Correct Answer ✅temporary store for information of a visual nature, holds for a fraction of a second echoic memory - Correct Answer ✅a temporary store for information of an auditory nature, and lasts 3-4 seconds because it cannot be rehearsed in raw form short-term memory - Correct Answer ✅information that has been paid attention to , where 7+/- 2 items can be held for about 30 seconds Psychology VCE units 3 and 4 Study Guides chunking - Correct Answer ✅breaking information into smaller groups, which increase capacity of short-term memory maintenance rehearsal - Correct Answer ✅meaningless rote repetition of material to be remembered, least effective of the two types elaborative rehearsal - Correct Answer ✅applying meaning to new words in order to retain them in STM- the most effective form of rehearsal serial position effect - Correct Answer ✅the tendency to remember items from the beginning and end of a list and to forget the items in the middle primacy effect - Correct Answer ✅tendency to remember the items from the beginning of the list recency effect - Correct Answer ✅tendency to remember the items from the end of the list Psychology VCE units 3 and 4 Study Guides long-term memory - Correct Answer ✅a relatively permanent storage facility for an infinite amount of information procedural memory - Correct Answer ✅type of long-term memory associated with remembering 'how to' complete tasks declarative memory - Correct Answer ✅a type of long-term memory associated with information about facts and events- includes semantic and episodic memory semantic memory - Correct Answer ✅factual knowledge possessed about the outside world episodic memory - Correct Answer ✅memory of your own personal experiences- autobiographical Psychology VCE units 3 and 4 Study Guides being able to retrieve is at that moment despite feeling that you know the answer interference theory - Correct Answer ✅forgetting in LTM occurring because old or new information produces confusion or competition and acts as a block for effective retrieval proactive interference - Correct Answer ✅when previously stored memories interferes with the retrieval of new information (PON) retroactive interference - Correct Answer ✅new information interferes with the ability to remember old information motivated theory of forgetting - Correct Answer ✅theory that there is a strong desire to forget certain things because the memory is either too traumatic, disturbing, anxiety- provoking or upsetting Psychology VCE units 3 and 4 Study Guides repression - Correct Answer ✅non-deliberately keeping distressing thoughts buried in the unconscious and from entering one's conscious suppression - Correct Answer ✅a deliberate effort to keep distressing thoughts out of conscious awareness decay theory - Correct Answer ✅the theory that forgetting occurs because the memory trace tends to gradually fade or decay over time forgetting curve - Correct Answer ✅a curve by Ebbinghaus showing the relationship between how much information is lost from memory over time recall - Correct Answer ✅reproducing information without the aid of many cues free recall - Correct Answer ✅recalling as much as you can in any order without the assistance of any cues Psychology VCE units 3 and 4 Study Guides serial recall - Correct Answer ✅recalling information in the same order in which it was presented cued recall - Correct Answer ✅being provided with some cues to assist in the recall process recognition - Correct Answer ✅a measure of retention requiring identification of the correct alternative from an array of options sensitivity - Correct Answer ✅the amount of effort required to access a memory, with the most sensitive measure of retention being the most likely to detect information that has been stored in memory in the past savings score - Correct Answer ✅how much time or effort that has been saved from previous attempts when relearning information Psychology VCE units 3 and 4 Study Guides glutamate - Correct Answer ✅excitatory neuron that is released in the hippocampus to strengthen the likelihood of a neuron firing dopamine - Correct Answer ✅a neurotransmitter associated with pleasurable feelings brain plasticity - Correct Answer ✅the brain's ability to reorganise and relocate neural pathways based on new experiences and learning. AKA neuroplasticity developmental plasticity - Correct Answer ✅the process of strengthening new and frequently activated neural connections through experience with the environment, and elimininating weak connections that are not used. The neural changes occur as a result of learning and development of the organism adaptive plasticity - Correct Answer ✅the process where brain functions can be relocated to other areas of the brain to compensate for the loss of function sustained usually as a result of injury Psychology VCE units 3 and 4 Study Guides conditioning - Correct Answer ✅a type of learning that focuses on the association that is made by the learner between a stimulus and a response stimulus - Correct Answer ✅any variable present in the environment that may trigger a response response - Correct Answer ✅an action or behaviour that is exhibited classical conditioning - Correct Answer ✅a form of learning in which a new/neutral response is paired with a stimulus that produces an involuntary response until the new stimulus alone produces that response neutral stimulus (NS) - Correct Answer ✅any stimulus that produces no relevant responses prior to the classical conditioning process Psychology VCE units 3 and 4 Study Guides unconditioned stimulus (UCS) - Correct Answer ✅any stimulus that consistently leads to a reflexive response, without any learning having taken place unconditioned response - Correct Answer ✅(classical conditioning) an unlearned, reflexive and involuntary response to a stimulus conditioned response (CR) - Correct Answer ✅a reflexive and involuntarily response that has become associated with a stimulus by which it was not previously caused during classical connditioning conditioned stimulus (CS) - Correct Answer ✅a preiously neutral stimulus that has become associated with the UCS to produce the reflexive response for which it was not previously responsible acquisition - Correct Answer ✅during classical conditioning, the pairing of a NS with an UCS over a number of trials to produce a CR Psychology VCE units 3 and 4 Study Guides trial and error learning - Correct Answer ✅a form of learning in which requires numerous attempts to solve a problem until the unsuccessful behaviours (errors) are eliminated and the successful method is closed in on law of effect - Correct Answer ✅Thorndike's proposed principle that a behaviour is more or less likely to be repeated depending on whether the consequence is good or bad operant conditioning - Correct Answer ✅form of learning in which the behaviours of the learner are strengthened or weakened in accordance with their consequences, as he learner operates within their environment antecedent - Correct Answer ✅in operant conditioning, any stimulus that triggers an action behaviour - Correct Answer ✅the observable actions by which an organism adjusts to its environment Psychology VCE units 3 and 4 Study Guides consequence - Correct Answer ✅in operant conditioning, any stimulus that makes the behaviour more likely to occur in the future if it is pleasant, and less likely to occur in the future if it is unpleasant reinforcement - Correct Answer ✅the process of making a behaviour more likely to be repeated because it is followed by a pleasant consequence for the learner positive reinforcement - Correct Answer ✅the strengthening of a behaviour because it is followed by the addition of a pleasant stimulus negative reinforcement - Correct Answer ✅the strengthening of a behaviour because it is followed by the removal of an unpleasant or aversive stimulus punishment - Correct Answer ✅a response is weakened when it is followed by the delivery of an aversive or unpleasant stimulus Psychology VCE units 3 and 4 Study Guides response cost - Correct Answer ✅a response is weakened when it is followed by the removal of a satisfying or pleasant consequence continuous reinforcement - Correct Answer ✅reinforcement that follows every response that it is intended to strengthen partial reinforcement - Correct Answer ✅reinforcement that follows only some of the responses that it is intended to strengthen schedule of reinforcement - Correct Answer ✅a pattern in the delivery of partial reinforcement in operant conditioning fixed ratio schedule - Correct Answer ✅reinforcement occurs after a specified number of trials have taken place variable ratio schedule - Correct Answer ✅reinforcement occurs after a changing and unpredictable number of trials have taken place, but on average after a specified number of trials Psychology VCE units 3 and 4 Study Guides reproduction - Correct Answer ✅an element of observational learning, where the leaner must be capable of imitating the behaviour motivation - Correct Answer ✅an element of observational learning where the learner must want to reproduce the behaviour reinforcement - Correct Answer ✅the process of making a behaviour likely to be repeated in the future because it is followed by a pleasant consequence for the learner vicarious reinforcement - Correct Answer ✅where the reinforcement is delivered to the model, but works as a reinforcement for the observing learner social perspectives - Correct Answer ✅considering behaviour in therms of social norms cultural persepectives - Correct Answer ✅considering behaviour in terms of cultural norms Psychology VCE units 3 and 4 Study Guides community perspectives - Correct Answer ✅considering behaviour in terms of community norms mental health - Correct Answer ✅a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and an absence of mental disorder or disease mental illness - Correct Answer ✅set of conditions or disorders which result in or cause abnormal behaviour and adversely impact on the individual and those around the symptoms - Correct Answer ✅something that a person complains of or relates about their body to their doctor, such as pain, or feeling sad signs - Correct Answer ✅something that a doctor can observe or elicit during an examination such as an irregular heartbeat or abnormal speech speed Psychology VCE units 3 and 4 Study Guides categorical - Correct Answer ✅diagnosis and classification approach that simply looks at whether a necessary symptom or sign is present or absent, these clinical features then taken together determine diagnosis dimensional - Correct Answer ✅where the symptom is not only evaluated on its presence or absence but also on its severity or degree transitional - Correct Answer ✅distinction between normal and abnormal that is not absolute or categorical but rather a zone where there can be a varying degree of the symptom or characteristic grading - Correct Answer ✅where a clinician will rate the severity of the symptom or disorder by allocating a score or grade biopsychosocial - Correct Answer ✅a way of understanding how biological, psychological and social factors interact to contribute to an individual's state of health Psychology VCE units 3 and 4 Study Guides hypothesis - Correct Answer ✅a tentative testable prediction about the relationship between two or more variables independent variable - Correct Answer ✅the expected cause in a hypothesis, such as the treatment to which participants in an experimental group are exposed dependent variable - Correct Answer ✅the anticipated effect in a hypothesised. ie. the factor that is expected to change as a result of the independent variable extraneous variable - Correct Answer ✅any unwanted variable that may influence the dependent variable confounding variable - Correct Answer ✅an extraneous variable that cannot be distinguished from the independent variable and may have influenced the dependent variable Psychology VCE units 3 and 4 Study Guides research design - Correct Answer ✅method of allocating participants to groups in an experiment independent groups design - Correct Answer ✅experimental design where participants are randomly assigned to experimental and control groups matched participants design - Correct Answer ✅experimental design where participants are match on critical variables then one from each pair is assigned to control, and the other to experimental repeated measures design - Correct Answer ✅an experimental design where the same sample of participants take part in the experimental and control conditions counterbalancing - Correct Answer ✅neutralising order effects by having ones half of the participants engage in the control conditions and then experimental conditions, and vise versa Psychology VCE units 3 and 4 Study Guides experimenter effect - Correct Answer ✅bias due to experimenter expectations placebo effect - Correct Answer ✅bias due to participant expectations demand characteristics - Correct Answer ✅situational circumstances that influence participant behaviour to not respond naturally reactivity - Correct Answer ✅negatively biased responses due to participants' awareness of being observed Hawthorne effect - Correct Answer ✅positively biased responses due to participants' awareness of being observed single-blind procedure - Correct Answer ✅participants are unaware of the true purpose of the study and whether they are in the experimental of control group Psychology VCE units 3 and 4 Study Guides acute stress disorder - Correct Answer ✅develops when someone had been exposed to a particularly traumatic stressor. it lasts for a maximum of four weeks post-traumatic stress disorder - Correct Answer ✅develops when someone has witnessed or suffered something especially traumatic or horrific and lasts months or years eustressors - Correct Answer ✅positive stressors eustress - Correct Answer ✅the associated stress response to a positive stressor distressors - Correct Answer ✅negative stressors distress - Correct Answer ✅the associated stress response to negative stressor primary appraisal - Correct Answer ✅where an individual decides if a situation is possibly stressful, beneficial or irrelevant in the transactional model of stress and coping Psychology VCE units 3 and 4 Study Guides secondary appraisal - Correct Answer ✅where an individual takes into account the resources available to them and their own coping strategies to decide what way is best to cope with or address the stressor problem-focused coping - Correct Answer ✅seeks to address the practical effects of the stressor and is aimed at reducing the effect of the stressor or adapting to its impact emotion-focused coping - Correct Answer ✅seeks to primarily address the emotion elicited by the stressor social capital - Correct Answer ✅the amount of social exchange, solidarity, sense of community, trust and equity that exists within a social group social deprivation - Correct Answer ✅when someone is at a lower socio-economic level than others and believe they are being deprived in some way Psychology VCE units 3 and 4 Study Guides cultural stress - Correct Answer ✅where an ecosystem is compromised by environmental change, invasion or overpopulation and places the society under stress acculturation - Correct Answer ✅where one culture interacts with another acculturative stress - Correct Answer ✅the stress associated with acculturation allostasis - Correct Answer ✅the process maintaining stability through change in the face of stressors allostatic response - Correct Answer ✅where we adapt or deal with the various challenges (or stressors) to our daily life to fulfill our general biological functions allostatic load - Correct Answer ✅the consequences of an allostatic response to our body