Neurobiology Study: Hyperpolarization, Action Potentials, Synapses, Neurotransmitters, Exams of Pharmacology

Download Neurobiology Study: Hyperpolarization, Action Potentials, Synapses, Neurotransmitters and more Exams Pharmacology in PDF only on Docsity! psychopharmacology (midterm) The term "hyperpolarization" refers to Select one: a. movement of the resting membrane potential closer to threshold. b. movement of the resting membrane potential farther from threshold. c. an excitatory postsynaptic potential. d. the opening of sodium channels. - movement of the resting membrane potential farther from the threshold The _______ contains the nucleus, which in turn contains pairs of _______. Select one: a. axon hillock; chromosomes b. soma; chromosomes c. cell body; ribosomes d. soma; ribosomes - soma; chromosomes Action potentials are first generated at the axon hillock because this is where _______ are located. Select one: a. non-gated K+ channels b. Na+/K+ pumps c. transporters d. voltage-gated Na+ channels - voltage gated Na+ channels The most common type of synapse in the brain is the _______ synapse. Select one: a. axoaxonic b. axosomatic c. presynaptic inhibition d. axodendritic - axodendritic The primary "input zone" of the neuron is generally considered to be the Select one: a. axon. b. axon collaterals. c. soma. d. dendrites. - dendrites The direct effect of depolarization of the presynaptic nerve terminal by the action potential is the Select one: a. opening of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. b. docking of vesicles at the active zones. c. packaging of neurotransmitter into vesicles. d. activation of autoreceptors. - opening of voltage gated ca2+ channels The area postrema and the median eminence represent areas in the brain where the _______ is not complete. Select one: a. cerebrospinal fluid b. choroid plexus c. blood-brain barrier d. phospholipid membrane - drug absorbed into the blood from the stomach goes to the liver on the way to the general circulation Neurons rely on glial cells for Select one: a. metabolic support. b. protection. c. All of the responses listed are correct. d. insulation - all of the responses listed are correct Otto Loewi's experiment with frog hearts was important because it demonstrated that Select one: a. frog hearts can be kept alive when removed from the frog. b. the idea of chemical neurotransmission is correct. c. None of the responses listed are correct. d. electrical impulses are responsible for neural transmission. - the idea of chemical neurotransmission is correct The specific molecular changes that occur when a drug binds to a particular target site or receptor are referred to as Select one: a. drug action. b. drug effects. c. side effects. d. placebo effects. - drug action Neurotransmitters are released into the _______ while hormones are released into the _______. Select one: a. None of the responses listed are correct. b. synaptic cleft; bloodstream c. synaptic cleft; brain d. bloodstream; synaptic cleft - synaptic cleft; bloodstream In order for a drug to have an effect, it must first bind to a Select one: a. receptor. b. neurotransmitter. c. depot site. d. ligand. - receptor The first-pass effect occurs with drugs that are taken Select one: a. intravenously. b. nasally. c. orally. d. subcutaneously. - orally Ligands that have no effect on a receptor after binding are called Select one: a. antagonists. b. agonists. c. neurotransmitters. d. null ligands. - antagonists Knockout mice lacking the serotonin transporter SERT exhibit all of the following except for Select one: a. a decrease in aggressiveness. b. anxiety-like behavior. c. hypoactivity. d. enhanced maternal behavior. - enhanced maternal behavior MDMA has recently been shown to improve the clinical response in patients undergoing treatment for Select one: a. depression. b. PTSD. c. drug addiction. d. anexoria. - PTSD One potential consequence of administration of an amino acid cocktail to human subjects is that Select one: a. previously depressed patients who were recovered developed symptoms of depression if given a tryptophan-free cocktail. b. previously healthy subjects can develop depression and anxiety if given a tryptophan-containing cocktail. c. depressed subjects may experience a total remission of depressive symptoms if given a tryptophan- free cocktail. d. excessive serotonin syndrome can result. - previously depressed patients who were recovered develop symptoms of depression if given tryptophan free cocktail Select one: a. hyperpolarized; Ca2+ b. depolarized; K+ c. hyperpolarized; K+ d. depolarized; Na+ - hyperpolarized; K+ A specific marker for serotonin cells is Select one: a. tryptophan hydroxylase. b. MAO. c. AADC. d. tyrosine hydroxylase. - tryptophan hydroxylase The dopamine pathway most important for regulating movement is the _______ pathway. Select one: a. mesolimbic b. nigrostriatal c. tuberohypophyseal d. mesocortical - nigrostriatal Working memory can be enhanced by activation of _______ in the PFC, while activation of _______ in the PFC has detrimental effects on cognitive function. Select one: a. α2-receptors; β1-receptors b. α2-receptors; α1-receptors c. α1-receptors; β1-receptors d. β2-receptors; β1-receptors - α2-receptors; α1-receptors Dopaminergic cell bodies in the VTA send projections to the nucleus accumbens and the amygdala via the _______ dopamine pathway. Select one: a. mesolimbic b. nigrostriatal c. tuberohypophyseal d. mesocortical - mesolimbic Which of the following most accurately represents the synthesis of the catecholamines? Select one: a. DOPA → dopamine → tyrosine → norepinephrine b. Tyrosine → dopamine → DOPA → norepinephrine c. DOPA → tyrosine → dopamine → norepinephrine d. Tyrosine → DOPA → dopamine → norepinephrine - Tyrosine → DOPA → dopamine → norepinephrine _______ and _______ exert their pharmacological effects by blocking monoamine reuptake. Select one: a. Cocaine; tricyclic antidepressants b. Clonidine; yohimbine c. Clonidine; tricyclic antidepressants d. Cocaine; phenelzine - cocaine; tricyclic antidepressants Another name for serotonin is Select one: a. tryptophan. b. 5-hydroxytryptamine. c. 5-hydroxytryptophan. d. tryptamine. - 5-hydroxytryptamine The major difference between D1 and D2 dopamine receptor subtypes is that one Select one: a. is ionotropic and the other is metabotropic. b. is very rare and the other is very common. c. inhibits and one stimulates adenylyl cyclase and cAMP. d. is found in the CNS and the other is found in the PNS. - inhibits and one stimulates adenylyl cyclase and cAMP Once synthesis has occurred, a protein called the _______ is responsible for packaging molecules of dopamine into membrane packets for release. Select one: a. vesicular monoamine transporter b. terminal receptor c. dopamine transporter d. autoreceptor - vesicular monoamine transporter