Common Human Diseases: Hippocrates, Ancient Diseases, and Modern Discoveries - Prof. Thoma, Study notes of Biology

Download Common Human Diseases: Hippocrates, Ancient Diseases, and Modern Discoveries - Prof. Thoma and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! COMMON HUMAN DISEASES FINAL NOTES GREECE Hippocrates and 4 HUMORS  Blood  Pleghm  Yellow Bile  Black Bile ROME  Public health measures  Origins of germ theory JENNER Small pox PASTEUR  Microorganisms are pathogenic  Rabies  Experimented on orphan  Pasteurization KOCH Koch’s postulate for linking agent to a disease 1. organism must be present in disease 2. can be grown in pure culture 3. cause disease when injected into healthy animal 4. can be recovered from newly sick animal JOSEPH LISTER  Use of antiseptics  Listerine INFLAMMATION  Tissues are injured  Realease of chemicals from damaged cells  mast cells stimulated  relase histamine  promote vascularization DISEASE AGENT  METHOD OF TRANSMISSION  HOST STAGES OF DISEASE 1. Incubation 2. Prodrome 3. Clinical 4. Decline 5. Convalescence 4 CAUSES OF INFLAMMATION 1. obstruction 2. injury 3. infection 4. compromised vascularization HUMORAL B-cells CELL-MEDIATED T-cells LEGIONNAIRE’S DISEASE  Cause by a bacterium  Flu-like symptoms  Inhalation of droplets with the bacteria from air conditioning TUBERCULOSIS  Caused by a bacteria  Necrosis of vital lung tissue PLAGUE 1. bubonic- lymph nodes 2. pneumonic- lungs 3. septicemic- blood sylvatic- restricted to woods/animals endemic- present in humans, but not everywhere HEPATITIS Inflammation of liver HEPATITIS A  Virus  Fecal oral  Decreasing trend because of better hygiene HEPATITIS B  Virus  Bodily fluids 2. Local infection of tissues  Phagocytes find debris and clean it up 3. Lymphatic spread  Lymphocytes become involved 4. Adaptive immunity  NUCLEAR WEAPONS ENGAGED  Specific antibodies  t-cell dependant  macrophage activation  t killer cells DISEASE PROCESSES Directly:  Exotoxin production- bacteria cause cells to die  Endotoxins- Trojan horse  Direct cytopathic effect- kills cells directly Indirectly:  Immune complexes- clog up delicate parts of body (malaria, hep b, strep)  Anti-host antibody- antibodies are sticking to wrong things  Cell-mediated immunity- cytokine storms, immune system is hyper EVOLUTION WILL NOT DRIVE A THREAT TO ELDERLY BECAUSE OLD PEOPLE DON’T REPRODUCE AS MUCH PNEUMONIA  Caused by either a virus or a disease  Very generally, is inflammation of the lungs  Drowning BY the immune system PLEURISY  Infection of lung lining (pleural cavity)  Difficult and painful breathing CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE  Heart can’t pump blood well to lung  Fluid that should go to capillaries and offgas CO2 isn’t moving  Pneumonia and EDEMA IN THE LUNGS, HEART CAN’T PUMP THROUGH PULMONARY EMBOLISM  Blood clot travels to lungs CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE  Aging  Narrowing of vessels  Infection (Chlamydia) o Fatty plaque on heart’s blood vessels  Inflammation, illness CANCER Causes-  Heredity  Environment  Nutrition/activity 2/3 CANCER CASES CAN BE PREVENTED BY MAKING HEALTHIER LIFESTYLE CHOICES CANCER DRUGS Endostatin  Experimental  Safer than aspirin  Goes after normal cells, starves cancer by cutting off blood supply  ANTI-ANGEOGENESIS Avastin  ANTIBODY  Binds to endothelial growth factor  Stops vascular growth = ANTI ANGEOGENESIS Mabthera  ANTIBODY  Tags b cell for destruction  BUT suppresses immune system GLEEVAX is for prostate cancer, causes b cells to produce antigens LEPROSY (HANSEN’S DISEASE)  Bacterial disease  Sensory system  Only 3% susceptibility rate  Plaques on skin (spread through body but settle in nerves) o Less blood flow= less defensive measures SAME GENUS OF BACTERIA AS TB  Loss of sensation  Needs long-term drug therapy SARCOIODOSIS  Bacterial infection  Inflammation of organs  Cause not known  TEST FOR IT WITH PCR o Makes copies, try matching it with bacterium that causes leprosy PCR- Polymerase Chain Reaction Dr. Kary Mullis Makes copies of DNA w/ enzyme (polymerase) Look at pathogens and compare DNAs ANTHRAX  Bacterial infection  Dormant in spore form but then comes alive  Secretes toxin that renders our tissues as food TETANUS  Bacterial infection  Causes paralysis  Proactive treatment is a booster  ALSO CAN ADMINISTER ANTIBODIES FROM THE TOXIN THAT TETANUS SECRETES LYME DISEASE BORRELIA BURGDORFERI  Spirochete  Vector-borne bacterial disease  Dammimi scapularis  Burrows into tissue  ASSOCIATED WITH THE RICH SYPHILLIS IS ANOTHER COMMON SPIROCHETE!!! Kidneys- maintain water balance (work with colon) CHOLERA  Bacteria  Loss of water balance  Highly charged diarrhea  no water  dehydration  NOT A HUMAN BACTERIUM