Download Urban Sociology: Key Theorists and Concepts and more Quizzes Geography in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels DEFINITION 1 Macro-Sociological View Focused on economic system as the bases for all attributes of an urban society Emphasis of economic and problems of inequality and conflict in the society Social evolution of humans not complete until capitalism was transformed into socialism. TERM 2 Ferdinand Tonnies (1855- 1936) DEFINITION 2 Social structure of a city defined as two basic organizing principles of human association. But the city was not viewed in its historic setting. Gemeinshaft (community) Gesellshaft (association) TERM 3 Gemeinschaft DEFINITION 3 people in a village have an essential unity of purpose work together for common good, are united by ties of family (kinship) and neighborhood Social life in gemeinshaft is characterized by: private and exclusive living together recognize common goods & evils have common friends and enemies sense of we-ness or our-ness, humane TERM 4 Gesellschaft DEFINITION 4 Characterized by a large city, where city lifeis: artificial construction of a group mechanical aggregate of individuals shift from group to individualism and selfishness, each person is understood and needed in terms of a particular role and service provided Group resembles the gemeinschaft as long as the individuals peacefully live together TERM 5 Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) DEFINITION 5 Optimistic macro-sociological approach Like Tonnies does not view the city in the historical setting Considered social structure of a city as: Social solidarity- a bond between all individuals within a society Developed model of contrasting social order: mechanical solidarity organic solidarity TERM 6 Mechanical Solidarity DEFINITION 6 Refers to social bonds constructed on similarities among individuals Largely dependents upon common belief, custom, ritual, routines, and symbol Societies with mechanical solidarity are common among prehistoric and pre agricultural societies, and lessens in predominance as modernity increases TERM 7 Organic Solidarity DEFINITION 7 Social order based on social differences complex division of labor where many different people specialize in many different occupations Greater freedom and choice for city inhabitants despite acknowledged impersonality, alienation disagreement and conflict A new form of social cohesion is based on: mutual interdependence of individuals in a group dependence of individuals on each other in more advanced society, commonly found among industrial societies as the division of labor increases TERM 8 Georg Simmel (1858-1918) DEFINITION 8 Pessimistic micro-sociological approach adds socio-psychological dimensions of city living to his research. Focus is on urbanism (life w/in the city) rather than urbanization (development of urban areas); Unique characteristics of modern city is based on "rationality" expressed in: -advanced economic division of labor -the use of money as a requirement for a universal means of exchange TERM 9 Max Weber (1864-1920) DEFINITION 9 Micro-Sociological Approach considered social structure of city in his approach to urban development Undertook survey of various cities throughout the world unlike previous theorists who focused on European cities solely TERM 10 Weber's Ideal Community DEFINITION 10 trade or commercial relations (e.g. market) court and law of its own partial political autonomy military self-sufficient for self-dependence forms of associations or social participation whereby individuals engage in social relationship and organizations
