Pesticide Labeling and Handling Regulations, Exams of Nursing

Download Pesticide Labeling and Handling Regulations and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! 1 QAL Exam Questions and Answers 2023 Venturi - Correct Answer-Used most often with systemic products, but can also work with contact products if the spray volume is high (>40 GPA). County Agricultural Commissionersz - Correct Answer-Certify private pesticide applicators and conduct local enforcement of pesticide use law and regulations. California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) - Correct Answer-Ensure the state's food safety, protects the state's agriculture from invasive species, and promotes the California agricultural industry Structural Pest Control Board (SPCB) - Correct Answer-Certifies and licenses structural pest control applicators and conducts certain types of field enforcement of structural pest control laws and regulations. California Department of Public Health (CDPH) Vector-Borne Disease Section - Correct Answer-Certifies vector control pesticides applicators employed by a government vector control agency and develops vector control pest control study guides. Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR) - Correct Answer-State lead agency for developing and implementing a statewide pesticide regulatory program. The difference between California's laws and the Department Pesticide Regulation's regulations is that laws are A. Passed by CAC and regulations are passed by the California legislature B. Passed by the California legislature and regulations are adopted by the Department of Pesticide Regulation to carry out the laws C. Supplements to federal regulations D. Adopted by the Department of Pesticide Regulation to carry out regulations signed by the Governor - Correct Answer-B Which of the following is NOT one of the purposes of California's pesticide and pest control laws and regulations? A. Protecting workers from pesticide exposure B. Providing proper, safe, and effective use of pesticides C. encouraging people to use more pesticides D. Protecting public health - Correct Answer-C A coorperating agency that helps the DPR enfore pesticide use laws and regulations in California is the A. County department of health B. State department of water resources C. State department of labor D. County Agricultural Commissioner - Correct Answer-D 2 CAC may adopt supplemental pesticide regulations with the approval of the A. Department of Pesticide Regulation B. Office of the Governor C. County Board of Supervisors D. California State Legislature - Correct Answer-A Title 3 of the California Code of Regulations (3 CCR - Correct Answer-Lists pesticides that are deemed as "california restricted materials". In section 6400. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act - Correct Answer-Federal law that outlines the various types of pesticide product registrations and exemptions from registrations FIFRA - Section 3 - Correct Answer-General pesticide product registration. Grants the EPA to register pesticide products with the corresponding labeling containing basic registered uses, use directions, requirements, and prohibitions. FIFRA - Section 18 - Correct Answer-Emergency exemptions from registrations. Authorizes the EPA to allow an unregistered use of a pesticide for a limited time if the EPA determines that emergency conditions exist. FIFRA - Section 24c - Correct Answer-Special local need registrations. Grants states pesticide regulatory authority to issue a new use registration for a federally registered pesticide in subsection (c). Section 18 exemptions - Correct Answer-Specific Public Health Quarantine Crisis Label - Correct Answer-Any written, printed, or graphic matter with pest control directions, requirements, prohibitions, and other information such as health and safety precautions. The label must appear on or be securely attached to the immediate pesticide product container or pest control device. Labeling - Correct Answer-Incldues the label and all other written, printed, or graphic matter accompanying the pesticide product container or device at any time. Can include the SDS or a commodity treatment schedule, WPS provisions of 40 CPR part 170. Supplemental labeling - Correct Answer-EPA-approved written, printed, or graphic material supplied by the pesticide manufacturer that provides additional product information not present on the current container label. The additional information may include new application sites and rates, safety guidelines, Worker Protection Standard and PPE requirements, and endangered species advisories. 5 Any pesticide used under a Section 18 Emergency Exemption Groundwater protection pesticides listed in 3 CCR section 6800 (a) Certain other pesticides listed in this section Restricted material permit system - Correct Answer-Under DPRs guidance, the CACs issue restricted material permits and enforce regulations about the possession and use of CA restricted materials. Must be certain that no injury will results and there is no non-restricted material or procedure that is equally effective and practical. Permit excemptions - Correct Answer-A permit is not needed when applying RUPs unless it is listed in the 3 CCR section 6400 or the CAC has determined that a permit is required. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency may classify a pesticide as a restricted use pesticide if it A. is ineffective unless used at twice the label-recommended rate B. present a significant dermal hazard to applicators C. leaves visible residues on treated surface D. does not break down within 7 days. - Correct Answer-B Any person in CA who applies or supervises the application of a restricted material must? A. attend a class on protecting pollinators B. notify the local UC Cooperative Extension advisor before making or surpervising an application C. obtain a medical release from a physician D. be a certified commercial or private applicator - Correct Answer-D Which two documents must Pest Control Businesses have available when making an agricultural use application of a pesticides that requires a permit? A. copies of their Pest Control Business License and the applicable UC Pest Management Guideline B. copies of the applicable UC Pest Management Guideline and a copy of the current restricted material permit C. the grower's work order and Pest Control Business license D. copies of the written pest control recommendation or grower's work order and the current restricted material permit - Correct Answer-D An application of a restricted material permit for non-agricultural use must include the A. name and address of the nearest CAC B. name and address of the individual who will be making the application C. criteria for determining the need for the pesticide application D. known health effects of the pesticides to be applied - Correct Answer-C Restricted material permits for agricultural use must be 6 A. site and time specific B. mailed or personally delivered to anyone living within 1/4 mile of the application C. approved by the CDPR D. Posted in a central location for 30 days after the application - Correct Answer-A Which of the following is not required information on a Notice of Intent? A. the date the intended application will begin B. an indication of the approximate acres or units to be treated C. the pest or pests to be controlled D. a signed statement releasing the property owner or operator of the property from liability - Correct Answer-D The Pesticide Safety Information Series leaflets with the "N" designation are written for A. non-certified pesticide handlers B. non -agricultural settings C. non-traditional methods of pesticide application D. non-English speaking pesticide handlers - Correct Answer-B Certain pesticides may be exempt from permit requirements in California if DPR Director determines that the pesticide A. application may be supervised by a non-certified handler B. will cause no hazards in CA C. is too hazardous to use in CA D. requires no further restrictions beyond those imposed by federal regulations and the label - Correct Answer-D Dealer Designated Agent - Correct Answer-DDA - Required to actively supervise all Pest Control Dealer operations conducted at that location. No CE required. Pesticide Control Adviser - Correct Answer-PCA - Make only written recommendations in categories in which they have been found to be qualified through the examination process. Must register in person with the CAC in their home county. Recommendation must be provided to the Pest Control Dealer and the applicator prior to the application. CE - 40 hours. Pesticide Broker License - Correct Answer-Engage sales/distribution to sell DPR registered pesticides in CA Sell/distribute to sell these pesticides to another licensed pesticide broker/licensed pest control dealer. Not authorize sale to end users. Must maintain records for 4 years. Record Keeping Requirements - Correct Answer-Must retain record for 3 years. Certificate and License Ranking - Correct Answer-1. PCA 7 2. PCAPC 3. QAL 4. QAC Which of the following pest control activities requires a DPR PCB license? A. preservative treatment of fabrics or structural materials B. household or industrial sanitation services C. control of tree pests D. Structural pest control - Correct Answer-C Which of the following qualifications must a person have to be responsible for the pest control operations of a PCB? A. Pest Control Buisness license B. QAL C. Agricultural Pest Control Adviser License D. CAC license - Correct Answer-B A PCB that has one or more employees must have A. atleast two service vehicles B. workers' compensation insurance C. 24-hour phone service D. a permit from the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment - Correct Answer-B A PCB must be registered with the A. County Board of Supervisors in each county where the business operates B. Department of Industrial Relations C. Department of Pesicide Regulation D. CAC in each county where the business operates - Correct Answer-D Which type of pesticide application is covered under the provisions of a Maintenance Gardener PCB license? A. Spraying an herbicide in a cemetery B. Regulary applying snail bait around a homeower's property C. applications incidental to maintaining ornamental plants in a shopping mall D. spraying a restricted herbicide at a golf course - Correct Answer-C A Pest control Dealer license is not required for a person or business who A. has a Pest Control Business License and sells only pesticides they apply B> solicits sales of pesticides by making agricultural use recommendations through field representatives or other agents C. sells insect trapping devices for agricultural pests D. sells pesticides that can be used for either agricultural or non-agricultural purposes - Correct Answer-A A person who holds a Pest Control Dealer Designated Agent License is responsible for 10 Each piece of mixing and application equipment owned by a pest control business must be A. painted a conspicuous color B. given a special identification number C. regularly approved by the CAC D. marked with the name of the business, or other similar wording, and the license number - Correct Answer-D Before making a pesticide application on someone's property, a pest control business must A. obtain permission from the operator of the property B. file a "Notice of Intent" with the CAC C. give notice to anyone living within 1/4 mile of the application D. mark off the treatment area with yellow "caution" tape - Correct Answer-A Any emergency or accidental release of pesticides involving a pest control business must be reported to the A. DFA B. DPR C. CAC D. County General Services - Correct Answer-C Before a pest control business applies a pesticide for the production of an agricultural commodity, the property operator must provide the business with A. a detailed map of the application site B. their operator identification number C. a pesticide use report D. a copy of the property's liability insurance policy - Correct Answer-B The Healthy Schools Act is a A. federal program with requirements to promote integrated pest management to protect non-pest species from pesticides applied on school grounds. B. CA legislative mandate to protect children and staff from pesticide exposure in certain schools and childcare facilities C. state-mandated program that covers only schools and childcare facilities that receive any federal funding D. federal program that covers all schools and childcare facilities that receive any federal funding - Correct Answer-B When a pest control business must meet requirements in the Healthy Schools Act, the pest control business shall A. submit a specific form to report weekly pest control activity conducted at all schools or day care facilities B. complete and post an annual pest control notice at all entrances of K-12 schools and all childcare facilities 11 C. provide specialized notification and pesticide safety training for all interested persons working at schools and daycare facilities serviced by the PCB D. submit a school and childcare pesticide use report to the DPR at least annually - Correct Answer-D The specific application information that an operator of the property producing an agricultural commodity must provide to handlers at a central location include all the following EXCEPT the A. identification of the treated area B. name or description of the pest C. product name D. date and time of application - Correct Answer-B Which of the following is NOT one of the handler employee training requirements? A. environmental concerns such as drift, runoff, and wildlife hazards B. the location of pesticide purchase receipts C. warnings about taking pesticides or pesticide containers home D. how to obtain emergency medical care - Correct Answer-B Engineering controls for handling pesticides include A. water retention basins B. wheel-love sprinklers C. closed mixing systems D global positioning units - Correct Answer-C Pesticide handler safety training for employees must be completed before A. employees are allowed to handle any pesticide B. the first work-day of each month in which a pesticide might be handled C. by the 10th of the month following the month in which pesticides were used D. the beginning of each year - Correct Answer-A How often must handlers receive pesticide safety training A. Every year B. every 2 years C. every 4 years D. every 5 years - Correct Answer-A Which of the following qualifications enables a person to train pesticide handler employees in commercial or research production of an agricultural plant commodity? A. a professor of the University of California B. a CA Certified Private Applicator C. a Certified Crop Consultant D. a Department of Pesticide Regulation-licensed Pest Control Dealer - Correct Answer- B 12 Which of the following symptoms would NOT be reasonable grounds to suspect the possibility of a pesticide illness or injury? A. scratches on the arms or hands B. headache C. blurred vision D. abdominal cramps - Correct Answer-A Employers must maintain employee-handler use records that identify the employee, the name of the pesticide, and the date of handling for which of the following scenarios? A. the pesticide carries the signal word "DANGER" or "WARNING" and is used for landscape pest control B. the pesticide contains an organophosphate or carbamate and is used for right-of-way pest control C. the pesticide contains a carbamate compound and carries the signal word "CAUTION" and is used for the commercial production of an agricultural plant commodity D. the pesticide contains an organophosphate compound with the signal word "DANGER" or "WARNING" and is used for research production of an agricultural plant commodity - Correct Answer-D Employers that have employees who handle organophosphate pesticides in an agricultural plant production operation must have a signed written agreement from a doctor for medical supervision if A. any of the employees are under 21 years of age B. any pesticides used in the operation contain the signal words "DANGER" or "WARNING" C. the employees regularly handle organophosphate pesticides with the signal words "DANGER" or "WARNING" D. employees regularly handle any pesticide - Correct Answer-C An employee who mixes, loads, or applies pesticides with the signal word "DANGER" in the production of an agricultural commodity may work alone at night if the employee A. makes personal contact by radio with a responsible adult at least every hour B. makes personal contact by radio with a responsible adult at least every two hours C. carries a cellular telephone at all times D. receives special training - Correct Answer-A Decontamination facilities must be equipped at a minimum with A. soap, single-use towels, and high-pressure water for emergency washing B. sufficient water, soap, and single-use towels for routine washing of the hands and face, and emergency washing of the entire body C. soap, single-use towels, and enough water for routine hand washing and emergency washing of the face D. single-use towels, soap, warm water, and one pint of water for eye washing - Correct Answer-B 15 Before fieldworker employees are allowed to enter pesticide-treated fields, what information must the operator of the property inform them about that is mandated by California's pesticide laws? A. the location of drinking water B. the work hours, including break and lunch periods C. the availability and location of the pesticide use records and Safety Data Sheets D. how to protect themselves from sun exposure - Correct Answer-C Which of the following information about a pesticide-treated field is not required to be displayed at a central location? A. the time and date of the pesticide application started and ended B. the Restricted Entry Interval C. the product name, the United States Environmental Protection Agency registration number, and the active ingredients D. the name of the person who made the pesticide application - Correct Answer-D When a pesticide that requires the use of a respirator is applied to a small number of plants in one section of an enclosed space, the application exclusion zone is considered to be A. 25 feet in all directions from the treated plants B. the entire enclosed space plus any adjacent area that is not sealed from the treatment site C. 100 feet in all directions from the treated plants D. the treatment site only - Correct Answer-B When employees are required to enter pesticide treated fields, emergency medical care must be A. obtained by the employees if needed B. provided if needed after the employer consults with a medical advisor C. planned and arranged for in advance by the employer D. arranged for by the local County Agricultural Commissioner - Correct Answer-C When there is an inconsistency between the regulation-specified Restricted Entry Interval (REI) and the labeling-specified REI, you must always . A. average the two restricted-entry intervals B. follow the regulation-specified interval C. follow the label-specified interval D. use the longer interval - Correct Answer-D Which of the following is one of the restrictions for employees entering a pesticide- treated area before the Restricted Entry Interval expires to conduct limited-contact activities? A. at least 12 hours have elapsed since the application was completed B. the labeling requires posting and oral notification of employees C. each employee spends no more than eight hours in any 24-hour period in the treated field 16 D. employees are wearing long-sleeved shirts, long pants, and shoes and socks - Correct Answer-C When the pesticide labeling requires eye protection, employers must also provide each early-entry worker with A. sunglasses B. at least one pint of eye flush water C. three pairs of goggles D. prescription eye drops - Correct Answer-B Which of the following is not an employer responsibility before allowing employees into a treated field after completion of a pesticide application and while a Restricted Entry Interval is in effect? A. providing instructions on where and how to store personal protective equipment at home B. providing all required personal protective equipment C. providing instructions to employees to wash thoroughly at the end of the exposure period D. providing information on recognizing, preventing, and giving first aid for heat-related illnesses - Correct Answer-A When posting a treated field along an unfenced public bike path, warning signs must be placed no further apart than A.100 feet B.250 feet C. 500 feet D. 600 feet - Correct Answer-D PRESCRIBE - Correct Answer-Pesticide Regulation Endangered Species Custom Real- time Internet Bulletin Engine Leaching - Correct Answer-Where pesticide residues move from the soil surface downward in soil with percolating water to ground water Runoff - Correct Answer-Where pesticide residues are carried in runoff water to more direct routes to ground water such as: Dry or drainage wells Poorly sealed production wells Soil cracks A pesticide residue tolerance is the A. minimum amount of pesticide that is allowable on a particular commodity at the time of application B. maximum amount of pesticide that is allowable on a particular commodity at the time of application 17 C. minimum amount of pesticide that is allowable on a particular commodity at the time of harvest D. maximum amount of pesticide that is allowable on a particular commodity in the channels of trade - Correct Answer-D What is the best way to avoid exceeding the legal pesticide tolerance on a commodity to which you are making a pesticide application? A. make the application as close as possible to harvest B. use adjuvants that retard the breakdown of the pesticide C. carefully follow labeling instructions and any laws or regulations that may govern the use of the specific pesticide D. make applications at night or early mornings - Correct Answer-C If produce is found to carry pesticide residues in excess of the legal tolerance it will be A. banned from sale in certain states B. allowed to be sold only in certified farmers' markets C. allowed to be sold only outside of the United States D. seized and removed from sale and distribution - Correct Answer-D If a crop is found to have residues of a pesticide that is not registered for that crop, it will be A. sold for livestock feed only B. considered a public nuisance C. held in storage until the residues dissipate D. allowed to be sold only outside of the United States - Correct Answer-B Groundwater contamination resulting from legal, registered uses of pesticides A. does not occur B. accounts for only a minor amount of the pesticide groundwater contamination problem C. can cause unacceptable risks to human health and the environment D. occurs but causes no risks to humans or the environment - Correct Answer-C As used in the dormant spray contamination prevention regulation, a "hydrologically isolated site" is A. defined differently in each county depending on local treatment area and surface water conditions B. an area of surface water protected from pesticide run-off from treatment areas by at least 150 feet of impermeable soil C. considered to mean any pesticide treatment site that is completely surrounded by surface water D. any treatment area that does not produce pesticide run-off that can enter any surface water, such as in an irrigation canal or drainage ditch - Correct Answer-D Which of the following endangered species has the greatest overlap with agricultural areas in California? 20 Qualifed Applicator Licensee (QAL) - Correct Answer-A person who has qualifed by examination in one or more pest control categories to use and supervise the use of restricted materials, and to supervise the pest control activities of a licensed Pest Control Business and who is responsible for safe and legal operations under such license. Private applicator - Correct Answer-A person who uses or supervises the use of a pesticide on property owned, leased, or rented by him or her, or his or her employer for the purpose of producing an agricultural commodity Recommendation - Correct Answer-FAC section 11411 The giving of any instruction or advice on any agricultural use as to any particular pesticide application on any particular piece of property. It does not include any summary that does not specify the use to be made for any designated pest, provided that such summary is not in conflict with any registered pesticide labeling or with the supplementary printed direction delivered therewith or with any rule or regulation of the director. Regulation - Correct Answer-Adopted by the Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR) after a public comment period, approval by the Offce of Administrative Law, and fled with the Secretary of State. Regulations are designed to interpret and carry out the purposes of a law, and are found in Title 3 of the California Code of Regulations. County Agricultural Commissioners may adopt regulations governing local pest control operations. These county regulations must be approved by DPR before they become effective. Sensitive aquatic site - Correct Answer-Any irrigation or drainage ditch, canal, or other body of water in which the presence of dormant insecticides could adversely impact any of the benefcial uses of the waters of the state specifed in law. Service container - Correct Answer-FAC section 17257.5 Any container other than the original labeled pesticide container that is used to hold, store, or transport pesticides. Spray adjuvant - Correct Answer-FAC section 12758 Any substance, with or without toxic properties of its own, that is intended to be added to a pesticide during mixing as an aid to the application or to effect the action of the pesticide. These substances include any: • Wetting agent • Spreading agent • Deposit builder • Adhesive • Emulsifying agent • Defocculating agent • Water modifer 21 • Any other similar agent Tolerance - Correct Answer-The highest residue level of a particular pesticide that is legally allowed on a particular commodity. Tolerances for a pesticide are set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and are based on crop residue trial data and the potential risks the pesticide poses to human health. Volatile organic compound - Correct Answer-Any compound of carbon, excluding carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, metallic carbides or carbonates, and ammonium carbonate, that participates in atmospheric photochemical reactions. This includes any organic compound other than those exempted by the federal regulation. Classical biological control - Correct Answer-Managing pests that are not native to a geographical area. Must find the origin of the pest and find a natural enemy to release to control the pop. Augmentation - Correct Answer-Rearing and releasing large numbers of certain natural enemies that probably already occur in an area. I.e. release chrysopae to reduce aphid pops. Naturally occuring control - Correct Answer-Pest population is already regulated by the environment. Goal is to not mess with it with damaging cultural practices or indiscriminate pesticide use. Select types that are less toxic to natural enemies Biological control agents - Correct Answer- Popular predators - Correct Answer-Arthropods (lady beetles), carabid beetles, lacewings, syrphid flies, true bugs, spiders, and predatory mites. Popular parasites - Correct Answer-Usually wasps or flies Antibiosis - Correct Answer-Some organisms release toxins or otherwise change conditions so that pest activity or growth is reduced. Mostly molds or bacteria. Occasionally fungisides are used in seed coatings or a diverse range of nematodes or pathogens will help limit numbers of damaging species. FIFRA definition of "pesticide" - Correct Answer-Any material applied to plants, the soil water, harvested crops, structures, clothing and furnishings, or animals to kill, attract, repel, or regulate or interrupt growth and mating of pests. Exclusion - Correct Answer-Using barriers to prevent pests from getting into an area. I.e. window screens. Abatement - Correct Answer-Removal or destruction of weeds and plants that cause fire hazards, harbor harmful pathogens or animals ,or are noxious to people or livestock in and around agricultural areas. 22 Organcially allowed pesticides - Correct Answer-Microorganisms, microbiological products, and materials derived or extracted from plant, animal, or mineral-bearing rock substances. I.e. bordeaux mixes, trace elements (bo, cu, fe), soiluble aquatic plant products , botanical lime sulfur, naturally mined gypsum, dormant oils, summer oils, fish emulsion, and insecticidal soaps. Which would be considered a preventive pest management strategy? A. planting weed-free seeds B. releasing natural enemies C. eliminating rodents from a building - Correct Answer-A Which statement is true about treatment thresholds? A. Treatment thresholds are usually easy to establish by searching the internet B. in an urban landscape, treatment thresholds are usually more related to economics than aesthetics C. Treatment thresholds very considerably depending on pest, host, and environmental conditions. - Correct Answer-C Which of the following is true about monitoring? A. You may not always need it to make good pest management decisions B.It helps you predict the location and abundance of key pest populations C. Use it primarily in spring and summer, when pest populations are high - Correct Answer-B Which of the following principles are combined to create an IPM program? (select all that apply) A. eliminating all insects present in an area B. identifying pests accurately C. preventing pest problems D. using guidelines to determine the best control techniques E. removing vegetation completely at a location F. monitoring for pests and pest damage G. combining pest management tools - Correct Answer-B, C, D, F, G Which statement is true about biological control methods? A. if pesticides are part of a biological control program to control an exotic pest, it is better to apply them at the highest label rate. B. Modifying the environmental to enhance natural enemies is a recommended practice in biological control C. Biological control involves the importation of exotic pests to control natural enemies - Correct Answer-B Which of the following is an example of cultural control A. discing weeds in a field B. making spot treatments using an herbicide 25 Assassin bugs - Correct Answer- Lygus bug - Correct Answer- Bigeyed bugs - Correct Answer- Minute pirate bugs - Correct Answer- Aphids - Correct Answer-Excrete a sticky substance called honeydew that supports the growth of black sooty mold fungi. Greenhouse whitefly - Correct Answer- Rosy apple aphid - Correct Answer- Leafhoppers - Correct Answer- Fusarium wilt - Correct Answer- Nematode - Correct Answer-Round worms. The first animals to have a full digestive tract (2 openings). Benefical orgs: Steinernema carpocapsae, S. glaseri, and geterorhabditis bacteriophore Pocket gophers - Correct Answer- Asetivation - Correct Answer-Period of inactivity Symptoms of disease - Correct Answer-Changes in the apperance of the infected plant - necrotic, sunken, ulcerlike lesions of an anthracnose infection. Signs of disease - Correct Answer-Structures that the pathogen may produce on the surface of the hose, such as mycelia, sclerotia, sporophores, fruiting bodies, and spore. Venturia - Correct Answer-apple scab Monilinia - Correct Answer-Genera of fungi that result in brown rot in fruits. (It is the asexual phase that infects the fruit). Belongs to the class discomycetes. Taphrina - Correct Answer-Genus within ascomycota causes leaf curl dieases of certain flowering plants Infects Peach, nectarines, and almonds Peach leaf curls Spores - Correct Answer-Asexual reproductive or resting cell capable of developing into a new organism without fusion with another cell, in contrast to a gamete 26 Sclerotia - Correct Answer-highly resistant portions of the mycelia of the fungus that can detach Mycelial fragments - Correct Answer- Fungal infections symptoms - Correct Answer-Enlarged roots (clubroot), enlarged growths filled with mycelia (galls), warts on tubers and stems; profuse upward branching of twigs, distorted, curled leaves. Bacterial infection symptoms - Correct Answer-Cankers, galls ,wilts, slow grwoth, distorted fruits, rots , discoloration of plant parts ,slow ripening, distorted leaves, brooming, and leaf spots, and occasionally slimy ooze Galls - Correct Answer-Large, swollen, rapidly dividing cells and disorganized vascular tissues. May interfere with the movement of food and water in the plant. Bacterial wilts - Correct Answer-Affect the entire plant, slime is produced that plugs the water-conducting tissue of the infected plant. Cankers - Correct Answer-Results of widespread tissue destruction caused by certain bacteria. Ex) Fire blight, potato scab. Binary fission - Correct Answer-A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size Viral symptoms - Correct Answer-Stunting, tissue deformities, chlorosis, and vein clearing Vein clearing - Correct Answer-disappearance of green color in and around veins Viroids - Correct Answer-small circular RNA molecules that infect plants and disrupt their growth Phytoplasmas - Correct Answer-group of plant pathogenic bacteria with no cell wall. Reproduce by budding and binary fission and are transmitted primarily by leafhoppers or psyllids and mites. Which of the following is most likely to happen if you fail to understand a pest's biology? A. the pest may attack you while you are performing monitoring activities, so you will not be able to complete the job. B. the pesticide you select will not take full advantage of the pest's vulnerabilities, so your application will not be very successful. C. You may use the wrong application equipment, accidentally killing nontarget organisms in the treatment area - Correct Answer-B 27 Which of the following is most likely to happen if you identify pests incorrectly? A. Pests may escape before they can be killed by pesticide applications B. You may confuse beneficial insects with pest insects in the field. C. Your pest control efforts will often fail regardless of site conditions - Correct Answer- C Invertebrate pests can include which of the following organisms? A. crayfish, shrimp, and eels B. Slugs, snails, and salamanders C. Spiders, insects, and nematodes - Correct Answer-C Which of the following is true about the system of scientific names used to identify living things? A. It reveals relationships among various organisms so people can identify them more easily. B. It reduces confusion because it relates closely to the common name of most organisms C. Is it the only way of correctly identifying organisms in a written pest management plan - Correct Answer-A Definitive identification for nematodes and pathogens can only be made by consulting A. Identification keys B. Trained experts C. Farm advisors D. Photographs - Correct Answer-B When monitoring an area, you should look for which of the following to help you correctly identify pests? A. characteristic signs B. a pest control adviser C. preserved specimens D. distinguishing features - Correct Answer-A Pesticide efficacy - Correct Answer-Effectiveness of a pesticide on its target pest No observable effect level - Correct Answer-Maximum dose or exposure level of a pesticide that produces no noticeable toxic effect on test animals. Guide for establishing maximum exposure levels for people and residue tolerance levels on pesticide-treated produce. EPA set exposure levels and resideu tolerances at 100-1000x less than NOEL. Threshold limit value - Correct Answer-The airborne concentration in ppm of a chemical that produces no adverse effects over time. 30 More risky, may result in phytotoxicity due to petroleum solvents, and abrasive to rubber, plastic hoses, and pumps, Flowables (F) - Correct Answer-Used when the a.i. is an insoluble solid and will not dissolve in either water or oil. Combine finely ground pesticide particles with a liquid carrier and emulsifiers to form a concentrated emulsion. Require agitation and leaves visible residues. Easy to handle as a liquid but subject to spilling and splashing like ECs, abrasive to nozzles and pumps, and settle out in their containers. In containers <5 gals to make remixing easier. Water-soluble concentrates or solutions (S) - Correct Answer-Water-soluble concentrates or solutions that dissolve in water, similar to sugar-based syrups. Does not require agitation and non abrasive to equipment. Low-concentrate solution (S) - Correct Answer-Ready to use and require no dilution. Small amount of a.i. dissolved in an organic solvent. Useful for structual and institutional pests. Limited in availability and hihg cost per unit of a.i. Cannot be used as plant sprays cause organic solvent harms foliage. Ultra-low-volume concentrates (ULC) - Correct Answer-High concentration 80-100% a.i.. Require little or no dilution. Require specialized application equipment for applying small quantities over large area and calibration must be extremely accurate. Diluted with vegetable oil. Slurry (SL) - Correct Answer-Think, watery, paste-like mixture of finely ground dusts. Conbined with water and sitred to form a paste. Paste is then slowly added to water in a partially filled spray tank, agitation is required. Rest of tank is filled with water. Abrasive to pumps and nozzles. Ex) Bordeaux mixture (hydrated lime and copper sulfate) Fumigants - Correct Answer-May be solid, liquid, or gas. Solid or liquid evaporate post application and gas are available in stell cylinders. Invert emulsions - Correct Answer-Liquid formulations of small water droplets suspended in oil. Have the consistency of mayonnaise and require continuous agitation. Reduces drift because of the oil used, reduces runoff and improves rain resistance. Serves as a sticker-spreader by improving surface coverage and absorption, though difficult to get thorough coverage on the undersides of foliage. Dusts (D) - Correct Answer-Finely ground pesticide combined with an inert dry carrier. Contain 1-10% a.i, some like sulfur dust, are 100% a.i. Appropriate in situations where moisture from liquid prays would manage crops, foliage, or sprayed surfaces. Leaves visible residues but provide long-term protection of treated surfaces usually indoors . Tracking powders - Correct Answer-These a rodenticidal/ insecticidal formulations in powder form. Used to detect insect/ rodent activity. 31 Granules (G) - Correct Answer-Pesticide and carrier combined with a binding agent. Range in size from 4-80 mesh, most common are 15-30 mesh. More persistent in the environment becasue the pesticide a.i. releases slowly. Good for aquatic situations since it dissolved in water. Applied to control weeds, nematodes, and soil-dwelling insects. Not good as a foliar application because it will not stick to the leaves. Pellets (P or PS) - Correct Answer-A dry formulation manufactured to be a uniform product of a specific weight and shape. Microencapsulated materials - Correct Answer-Liquid or dry pesticide particles in a plastic coating. Mixed with water and sprayed similar to other sprayable formulations. Plastic coating breaks down and releases the a.i. Safer to apply toxic materials, prolonged effectiveness, volatize more slowly, reduced phytotoxicity. Hazardous to bees though. Water-soluble bags or packets (WSB or WSP) - Correct Answer-Manufacturers package preweighed amounts of wettable powder or soluble powder formulations in a special type of plastic bag. Good for dissolving highly toxic pesticides since you drop the bag in water which then dissolves. Baits - Correct Answer-Pesticides combined with food, attractants, or feeding stimulants. Eliminate the need for widespread pesticide application. Attractants - Correct Answer-Pheromones, sugar, and protein hydrolysate syrups, yeast, and rotting meat used in traps to attract pests. Aerosols - Correct Answer-The pesticide combines with a chemical propellant (petroleum oil carriers) in the can to emit a fine airborne mist or fog. Impregnates - Correct Answer-Solid materials with one or more pesticide active ingredients incorporated into them (ex. livestock ear tags, plastic pest strips and adhesive tapes, and pet collars). Animal systemics - Correct Answer-pesticide products that are absorbed by, enter the tissues of, and, move within the treated animal Anticoagulants - Correct Answer-Interfere with the blood-clotting mechanisms of mammals causing them to die to blood loss after an injury. Used to control rates and mice. Botanicals - Correct Answer-a substance obtained from a plant and used as an additive, like chrysanthemum flower which produce pyrethrums. Inert dusts - Correct Answer-Desiccants or sorptive dusts are fine powders with low toxicity. Used to control various insects and other invertebrates through a physical mode 32 of action. Ex) They scratch the pests' waxy body coverings, causing them to lose water or remove the protective waxy coating. These become ineffective once wet however. Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) - Correct Answer-Chemicals that control insects by altering their normal development. Can prevent insects from changing into adults while others force insects to change into adults before they are physically able to reproduce. Microbials - Correct Answer-Combination of microorganisms with other ingredients. Ex) Bacullus thuringiensis control larvae of moths, mosquitos, and black flies. Agrobacterium radiobacter controls the bacterium that produces crown gall in trees, shrubs, and vines. Fungi (beauveria bassiana) kills mites. Phytophthora palmivora Petroleum oils - Correct Answer-Lethal to certain invertebrates like aphids, scales, mealybugs, mites and their eggs through suffocation. Effective against powdery mildew and in preventing virus transmissions. Refined oils are classified based on timing of application or by other properties such as unsulfonated residue, distillation temperature and range, hydrocarbon composition. Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) - Correct Answer-Synthesized compounds that can regulate plant growth similar to naturally produced hormones. Adjuvants - Correct Answer-Materials you can add to spray tanks to improve pesticide mixing and application or enhance performance. Surfactants - Correct Answer-Surface-active agents known as wetting agents or spreaders that enhance spray coverage by reducing surface tension of spray droplets. Ex) Cottonseed oil and soy oil for coverage on waxy or hairy surfaces. Measured in dynes/cm - water is at 72 dynes/cm, optimal for sprays is about 30 dynes/cm. Anionic surfactants - Correct Answer-Help repvent pesticides from washing off sprayed plants due to rain, dew, or irrigation. Prevent pesticides from being readily absorbed through plant cuticles because plant surfaces have a negative charge. Used to keep an application on the outside of leaves. Nonionic surfactants - Correct Answer-INcrease pesticide penetration through plant cuticles. Ex) Glyphosate and oxyfluorfen are used with systemic herbicides to improve target plant uptake. Cationic surfactants - Correct Answer-Strongly attracted to plant surfaces, so are highly phytotoxic when not blended with other types of surfactants. Selecting surfactants consider the following - Correct Answer-The nature of the target surface The physical and chemical nature of the pesticide Whether the pesticide has contact or systemic action Weather conditions and cultural practices 35 What mode of action should you use if you need to cause a certain amount of leaf drop? - Correct Answer-Desiccant What mode of action should you use if a disease inoculum has been detected near valuable plants, and conditions are right for infection? - Correct Answer-Protectant What mode of action should you use if insect populations are breeding rapidly? - Correct Answer-Sterilant Pesticide characteristics - Correct Answer-Solubility Adsorption Persistence Volatility Adsorption - Correct Answer-The process whereby a pesticide binds to soil particles Factors affecting runoff - Correct Answer-Slope Vegetative cover Soil characteristics Volume and rate of water moving downslope Temperature Rainfall amount and intensity Soil properties affecting leaching potential - Correct Answer-Texture and structure - permeability and porosity Organic matter - high OG means uptake Depth - Shallow bodies increases chances of leaching Geology - Permeability of the geologic layers lying between the surface of the soil and the groundwater Factors affecting drift - Correct Answer-1. Droplet size spectrum 2. Wind speed and direction - no more 8 mph 3. Distance from nozzle to target 4. equipment and formulation pesticides 5. air temperature and humidity 6. nozzle orientation 7. buffer zones Temperature inversion - Correct Answer-Exists when the air at ground level is cooler than the temperature of the air above it. There is no vertical air movement and will move sideways which results in a high concentration of small spray droplets suspended in the layer of cool air near the ground. Vapor drift - Correct Answer-Movement of pesticides as gaseous vapors from the target area. 36 Particle drift - Correct Answer-Movement of solid particles from the target area in the air during or just after an application. Pesticide persistence - Correct Answer-the length of time a chemical remains in the environment. There are regulations on plant-back restrictions given the persistence of the chemical Accumulation - Correct Answer-Buildup of a persistent pesticide resulting from repeated applications or exposures. What is the definition of pesticide residue? A. what remains on treated surfaces for a time after application B. the unsightly and unnecessary by-product of a pesticide applicaiton C. how a pesticide kills the target pests upon application - Correct Answer-A Which of the following conditions can contribute to the buildup of pesticide residues? A. misinterpreting the weather forecast and making your application just before a heavy rain B. agitating a pesticide mixture too much before and during your application C. failing to account for organic matter content of soil before determining the correct application rate - Correct Answer-C What practice can cause pesticide residues to accumulate in an area? A. applying pesticides over a large application site B. applying the same pesticide for many years to the same site C. applying several different pesticides in a short time to the soil - Correct Answer-B Which of the following site characteristics makes it more likely that a pesticide will contaminate groundwater? A. Geological layers at the site are make up of permeable gravel deposits B. Aquifers are located several miles away from the application site G. Groundwater is far from the surface under many layers of thick clay. - Correct Answer-A Pesticides can cause indirect harm to nontarget organisms by A. leaving unsightly residues on surface B. altering their food sources or habitats C. increasing secondary pest infestations - Correct Answer-B Under what soil conditions are pesticides more likely to leach through soil? A. a heavy clay soils, low in OM, where ground water is shallow B. a heavy clay soil, high in OM, where groundwater is deep C. a sandy soil, low in ON, where groundwater is shallow - Correct Answer-C Which of the following may produce a pesticide residue on a crop that exceeds legal tolerance? 37 A. avoiding applications close to or during harvest times B. allowing pesticide residue to drift onto the crop from a nearby area C. using the lowest effective rate of pesticide a.i. - Correct Answer-B The most frequent route of pesticide exposure is through the A. mouth B. skin C. eye - Correct Answer-B Pesticide drift can endanger human health in which of the following ways? A. it can cause residues to exceed legal limits on food crops B. it can contaminate fruits and vegetables in backyard gardens C. it can damage surface in and around homes D. it can contaminate laundry hung outside to ry - Correct Answer-A, B, C, and D Which of the following conditions observed at a site can quickly change and affect the outcome of your pesticide application? A. soil type and contents B. wind speed and direction C. temperature and cloud cover D. presence of lakes or streams - Correct Answer-B and C Why are mixing and loading considered among the most risky activities for pesticide handlers? A. PPE is rarely sufficiently protective during prolonged close contact with concentrated pesticides. B. Label directions for measuring and mixing concentrated pesticides are often hard to follow precisely. C. Spills and splashes are common when working with concentrated pesticides - Correct Answer-C What hazard does the preharvest interval help a pesticide applicator avoid? A. exposing people to unsafe levels of pesticide residue on the food they eat B. exposing fieldworkers to excessive pesticide residues on crops they harvest C. exposing themselves to dangerous pesticide levels on plants they treat - Correct Answer-A and B Which of the following could increase hazards to pesticide handlers and fieldworkers? A. applying the lowest effective rate of a pesticide A. applying an oil-soluble pesticides C. applying a highly selective pesticide - Correct Answer-B Which of the following defines the difference between chronic and acute pesticide exposure? A. chronic exposure is a result of short-term contact with any amount of pesticide; acute exposure is a result of long-term contact with a small amount of pesticide 40 Engineering controls that help protect you from pesticide exposure include which of the following? A. enclosed cabs and closed mixing systems B. SCBA devices and water-soluble pesticide packaging C. chemical-resistant materials and atmosphere monitoring devices - Correct Answer-A When must you use a closed mixing system? A. mixing, loading, diluting, or transferring liquid formulations of DANGER pesticides intended for application in any situation B. mixing, loading, diluting, or transferring liquid formulations of pesticides with any signal word intended for application to an agricultural commodity. C. mixing, loading, diluting, or transferring liquid formulations of of DANGER pesticides intended for application to an agricultural commodity - Correct Answer-C In which of the following situations must you notify people in the area of your pesticide application? A. when fieldworkers or other employees are within 1/4 mile of the treatment side B. when people have hung dry laundry to dry outdoors in homes nearby C. when people near the site have fruits or vegetables growing in gardens D. when beekeepers have hives close to the treatment site E. when the application site is near a school or park - Correct Answer-A, D, and E The REI for the pesticide you are applying is 8 days. How will you keep people out of the treated field during that period? A. Place warning signs at usual points of entry, or in the case of an unfenced field, at the corners of the treated area B. Notify fieldworkers of the REI orally before the application and remind them again after the application C. Erect a temporary barrier around the treated area that remains locked for the duration of the REI - Correct Answer-A When transporting pesticides in a vehicle, you should A. secure the packages inside the passenger compartment B. carry them in the cargo area of a truck, but have someone ride in that area to make sure containers remain undamaged in transit C. secure containers in the vehicle's cargo area after checking it carefully for anything that might damage containers in transits - Correct Answer-C A proper pesticide storage facility should be A. protected by a security system and equipped with a telephone for emergencies B. securely locked and clearly identified as a pesticide storage facility C. well lighted and supplied with plenty of sturdy wooden storage shelves - Correct Answer-B High temperatures during or soon after a pesticide application can cause which of the following problems? 41 A. increased phytotoxicity and accelerated chemical breakdown B. increased absorption and faster translocation C. increased leaching potential and a loss of potency - Correct Answer-A Which statement about triple rinsing pesticide containers is true? A. you must wear extra PPE for triple rinsing with a closed system B. triple-rinsed containers can be taken to a Class II disposal site. C. Triple rinsing is not necessary if you intend to recycle the container - Correct Answer- B Which of the following is the BEST place to clean your application equipment after use? A. on a paved surface near the application iste B. at a do-it-yourself car wash C. at the application site - Correct Answer-C Keeping accurate application records can prevent problems associated with which of the following? A. increased volatility B. plant-back restrictions C. expiration date - Correct Answer-B Which of the following is considered a good way to keep the public from encountering hazards during your pesticide application? A. Pass out wallet-sized cards listing emergency contacts, including poison control, to everyone within 1/4 mile of the application site B. Notify people in the area and provide them with information about how to avoid exposure to the pesticide you're applying C. Notify all area emergency response agencies - Correct Answer-B Diaphragm pumps - Correct Answer-5-40 gpm Roller pumps - Correct Answer-8-40 gpm Gear pumps - Correct Answer-5-65 gpm Centrifugal pumps - Correct Answer-200+ `gpm Piston pumps - Correct Answer-2-60 gpm. Used with sprayer equipped with a system or rate controller. Hydraulic agitators - Correct Answer-Circulate spray material through jets located in the bottom of the spray tank. Disadvantage is that they are not able to break up settled spray material when you shut the pump down for a while. Mechanical agitators - Correct Answer-Propellers or paddles mounted on one or more rotating shafts near the bottom of a spray tank. 42 Suction strainer - Correct Answer-Connects to the end of the intake hose near the bottom of the spray tank to the pump. Used in low-capacity systems, usually with roller pumps.10-20 mesh. Pressure strainers - Correct Answer-Located between the pump and nozzles. 40-50 mesh. Nozzle strainer - Correct Answer-Protects nozzle orifices from smaller particles missed by the suction and pressure strainers. Typically 50-100 mesh. Even flat-fan nozzle - Correct Answer-Use when applying separate bands of spray that should not overlap. Produce an even distribution of droplets in a fan-shaped pattern. Used when you don't want the herbicide, fungicide, or insecticide spray to overlap. Cone nozzles - Correct Answer-For applying insecticides and fungicides to dense foliage. Higher droplet size. Disc-core nozzles - Correct Answer-Used in air blast sprayers. Suitable for high- pressure and high-flow rate application of insecticides and fungicides. Contains a spinner plant also called a core which produces a high rotation speed of the liquid into the whirl chamber. Produces a hollow cone spray pattern. Used for high-pressure and high-flow-rate applications of insecticides and fungicides Solid stream nozzles - Correct Answer-Produce a single solid stream of pesticide. Use these in hand spray guns for spraying distant object. Suitable for crack and crevice sprays. Flooding nozzles - Correct Answer-Used to apply large volumes of liquid under low pressure. Commonly used for fertilizers but occasionally used for pesticide applications. Produce a wide fan angle of up to 160 degrees. Used to apply fertilizers and occasionally, herbicides. Broadcast nozzles - Correct Answer-Enable a wide swath to be sprayed without using a series of nozzles on a boom. Widths can be from 30-60 ft. Useful if boom is unavailable. Bifluid nozzles - Correct Answer-Break liquids up into extremely fine droplets, such as a mist or fog. They use a high-velocity airstream. Pressure regulators - Correct Answer-Spring-loaded valve that controls the pressure of liquid Unloaders - Correct Answer-Senses pressure changes that occur when turning on or shutting of the flow of liquid to the nozzles. It returns all the pumped liquid into the spray tank when stopped. When it start, it redirects the liquid at the pressure set by the pressure regulator. Help to protect pumps 45 Low-pressure sprayer - Correct Answer-Used to inject liquid pesticides into the soil. Does not penetrate dense foliage and droplets cannot travel far unless the unit is equipped with a blower. Controlled droplet applicator - Correct Answer-To make very low-volume herbicide applications and want to minimize drift. Requires very accurate calibration to achieve correct application rates at both low and high volumes Power duster - Correct Answer-Can cause environmental problems because of drift hazards Powered backpack sprayer - Correct Answer-Works only for low-volume applications because of its small tank and inability to produce high pressure Ultra-low volume sprayer - Correct Answer-Applications limited to low wind conditions because of elevated drift potential; equipment also uses highly concentrated formulations, so hazards to pesticide handlers may be increased. Chemigation using a micro-irrigation system - Correct Answer-To control the amount and timing of both water and pesticide to match the exact needs of the crop Aerosol generator or fogger - Correct Answer-To control insects in a warehouse Air blast sprayer - Correct Answer-To move spray into dense foliage or treetops in a vineyard or orchard Wick applicator - Correct Answer-To control tall weeds without damaging the crop underneath them When should you avoid using a metal or coated metal sprayer tank? A. The pesticide formulations you use can react with metal B. the weather is regularly wet or air is excessively humid C. the soil is moist and a heavy sprayer will compact soil too much - Correct Answer-A Which of the following pumps is best to use with abrasive pesticide formulations? A. piston pump B. gear pump C. diaphragm pump - Correct Answer-C If you are using a wettable powder and you think you might have to shut the sprayer's pump down during an application, you should NOT use a a. closed mixing system b. thermoplasic tank c. hydraulic agitator - Correct Answer-C Which parts of a sprayer controls its application rate, droplet size, and spray pattern 46 A. pumps B. nozzles C. pressure regulators - Correct Answer-B You know a pump is worn and may need to be replaced when A. pressure is too low B. spray pattern is uneven C. drift is greater than expected - Correct Answer-A Worn nozzles cause which of the following problems? A. pump speed increased unexpectedly B. spray mixtures become contaminated C. spray patterns are obviously uneven - Correct Answer-C Flat-fan nozzles - Correct Answer-Create more spray droplets in the center and fewer droplets on the side so that the pattern tapers off at each end. Used with soil-applied herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides. When using a wettable powder, flowable, or dry flowable formulation, you should avoid using nozzles made out of A. ceramic B. stainless steel C. brass - Correct Answer-C In California, which of the following irrigation systems is used most often for chemigation? A. center-pivot sprinkler systems B. micro-irrigation system C. self-propelled linear systems - Correct Answer-B Use of a bait station designed for specific pests helps to A. reduce populations of beneficial organisms B. prevent children, pets, and other animals from accessing baits C. increase populations of the pest's predators and parasite - Correct Answer-B What single piece of equipment can help you accurately adjust to changing conditions as you make an application? A. check valves B. electronic sprayer controllers C. surge chambers - Correct Answer-B Nonstandard sprayer parts or additions like nozzle turrets have which of the following problems? A. they can retain a surprising amount of pesticide residue if not checked carefully. B. they are challenging to troubleshoot if the operator is unfamiliar with the parts. 47 C. they cannot be switched out easily when changing formulations or application sites - Correct Answer-A Which of the following can be used to remove stuck particles from a nozzle you are cleaning? A. steel brush B. thin copper wire C. wooden toothpick - Correct Answer-C For which types of equipment will you need to lubricate chains, auger bearings, and other moving parts after use to ensure they remain in good working condition? A. air blast and backpack sprayers B. foggers and aerosol sprayers C. dust and granule applicators - Correct Answer-C What should you do if you find yourself cleaning application equipment in the exact same location every day? A. Collect wash water and dump it in a different location after each cleaning B. Recycle wash water for use wetting roads to keep dust problems at a minimum. C. Contain wash water and use it in your next tank mix of the same pesticide - Correct Answer-C Which parts should always be removed from large liquid sprayers that will be stored for extended periods? A. nozzles, strainers, filter screens, and O rings B. tank covers, spray shields, tired, and valves C. nozzle turrets, pressure gauges, gas caps, and hoses - Correct Answer-A Why should you store granule applicators with the rate-setting at its highest and the mechanism open, or "on"? A. Leaving equipment this way makes it easier to use after storage B. storing equipment this way helps ensure that it remains dry and free of pesticides C. It keeps the hopper and other mechanisms from warping or becoming deformed - Correct Answer-B Swath width - Correct Answer-Width of the boom plus the distance between each pair of nozzles. Adjust boom height so that there is approximately a 30% overlap of spray from adjacent nozzles on the boom. Which of the following defined calibration? A. the research you do before an application to be sure you avoid hazards and sensitive areas at the treatment site B. the review you do of instructions on the label to be sure you apply the pesticide safely at the application site C. the adjustments you make to be sure you apply the correct amount of pesticide to the treatment area - Correct Answer-C 50 B. persistence C. shelf life - Correct Answer-B What can you do to reduce an insecticide's effect on beneficial insects like honey bees? A. use the product when pests are most active, because beneficial insects are less active then B. apply early in the morning or in the evening, because honey bees are less active in the environment. C. make an aerial application, because it is much safer for honey bees and other beneficial insects - Correct Answer-B What can you use to measure a pesticide spray's penetration into the thick foliage of trees? A. water-sensitive paper B. wireless chemical sensors C. pH-sensitive sponges - Correct Answer-A Which of the following problems can be eliminated if your sprayer is equipped with a GPS unit? A. delivering pesticides too far from the target to reach pests effectively B. spraying droplets that are too small for field conditions, resulting in drift C. estimating previous location of equipment incorrectly, causing coverage gaps - Correct Answer-C What is the best source of information on whether two pesticides can be successfully mixed in the same tank? A. the manufacturer's website B. the pesticide label C. the pesticide dealer - Correct Answer-B Put the following list of ingredients in the correct order for adding to a tank mix of two or more pesticides. A. surfactants B. emulsifiable concentrates C. water-soluble concentrates D. wettable powder E. diluent - Correct Answer-E, A, D, C, B Why is it a problem if pests become resistant to the pesticide you normally apply? A. pests resistant to that pesticide are often resistant to all products with chemically related active ingredients, so many products will now be ineffective. B. it causes inconvenience, because you must then seek out other, related pesticide formulations to control pests effectively at this site. C. increasing pest populations will attract too many natural enemies (such as parasitic wasps) which often come pests in large numbers - Correct Answer-A 51 Which of the following situations would increase the likelihood of pesticide resistance? A. the insect you are trying to control reproduces only once per year B. you continually use the same pesticides or pesticides from the same chemical class C. you apply a pesticide that has little or no residual effect - Correct Answer-B Which of the following are types of drift? A. pesticides washed off of plant surfaces into a lake during irrigation B. volatilization of pesticides on a hot, sunny day C. spray particles trapped in a temperature inversion D. leaching of pesticides into groundwater after a rainstorm E. dust particles blown from an application site on a windy day - Correct Answer-B, C, E Spray drift advice - Correct Answer-Keep nozzles close to the target site while spraying Vapor drift advice - Correct Answer-Avoid applying on a hot day, especially if soil is sandy Particle drift advice - Correct Answer-Turn off fans, forced air heating systems and other air-circulating equipment before making an application indoors Runoff advice - Correct Answer-Review the weather forecast to make sure it will not rain during the first several hours after your planned pesticide application Leaching advice - Correct Answer-Check groundwater protection area maps and limit applications in these areas whenever possible Which of the following adjuvants might you add to your tank mix to help reduce spray drift? A. surfactants B. attractants C. thickeners - Correct Answer-C What is the first thing you should look for when returning to perform follow-up monitoring at an application site? A. indications that pesticide coverage was adequate and uniform B. evidence of pest damage and presence of natural enemies C. symptoms of phytotoxicity appearing in nontarget plants - Correct Answer-A Signal word - Correct Answer-The word that indicates the toxicity or hazard level of a pesticide First aid - Correct Answer-Information about how to decontaminate someone who has been exposed to the pesticide Precautionary statements - Correct Answer-List of specific hazards to people, animals, and the environmental for the pesticide 52 Ingredients - Correct Answer-List of the components of the pesticide Restricted-entry statement - Correct Answer-Information about how much time must elapse before people can walk through or work in a treated area without wearing personal protective equipment Directions for use - Correct Answer-The place to look for pests that the manufacturer claims are controlled when exposed to the pesticide, as well as specific sites, plant species, or animals to which the product may legally be applied Which of the following illegal uses can be prevented if you abide by the requirement to read, understand, and follow the instructions of pesticide labels and related materials? A. applying a pesticide that is not registered for the crop you need to treat B. applying a pesticide during weather conditions listed as restricted for the product C. applying the product at too low a rate in a given area D. applying the pesticide too many times in a season in a particular area - Correct Answer-A, B, D Where must an employer store pesticide SDSs? A. with the pesticide product in the storage area B. in the sprayer used for applying that pesticide C. in a clearly label accessible area - Correct Answer-C SDS - Correct Answer-includes the procedure used for fighting a pesticide fire information about how to handle pesticide spills Label safety information - Correct Answer-the personal protective equipment required to safely handle a pesticide how to avoid contaminating the environment while using the product The help you give people exposed to pesticides before the receive emergency help from a medical professional is called A. practical treatment B. first aid C. emergency care - Correct Answer-B Procedure for getting pesticides on skin or clothing - Correct Answer-After removing contaminated clothing, thoroughly wash the affected areas with soap or detergent and large amounts of water Procedure for inhaling pesticides - Correct Answer-Prevent chilling (from shock) by wrapping the person in a blanket after removing him or her from the accident site and disposing of contaminated clothing 55 Acetylcholine - Correct Answer-A short-acting neurotransmitter, widely distributed in the body, that transmits nerve signals between nerves and muscles, nerve and sensory organs, or nerves and other nerves. Activator - Correct Answer-An adjuvant that increases the activity of a pesticide by reducing surface tension or speeding up penetration through insect or plant cuticles Additive effect - Correct Answer-An increase in toxicity brought about by combining one pesticide with another Aestivation - Correct Answer-Dormancy during summer or periods of high temperature or a dry season Antagonistic effect - Correct Answer-Reduced toxicity or effectiveness as a result of combining one pesticide with another Auger - Correct Answer-A spiral-shaped shaft used for moving pesticide dusts or granules from a hopper to a moving belt or disc for application Axonic - Correct Answer-Affecting the axons, or long fibers of nerve cells, impairing normal nerve function by interfereing with the conduction of a nerve impulse along a nerve Broadleaves - Correct Answer-One of the major plant groups, known as dicots, with net- veined leaves usually broader than grasses and whose seedling have two seed leaves (cots) Broad-spectrum pesticide - Correct Answer-Aka nonselective pesticide California Department of Food and Agriculture - Correct Answer-The state agency responsible for protecting and promoting agriculture in California DPR - Correct Answer-The state agency responsible for regulating the use of pesticides in California Class I disposal site - Correct Answer-A site for toxic and hazardous materials Class II disposal site - Correct Answer-A site for nontoxic and nonhazardous materials Coalescent effect - Correct Answer-A mixture that has reacted to form a new chemical with a different mode of action Deficient oxygen condition - Correct Answer-Condition in which the oxygen concentration in air falls below 19% making an area highly hazardous 56 Emulsion - Correct Answer-Droplets of petroleum-based liquids suspended in water Instar - Correct Answer-The period between molts in larvae of insects. Most larvae pass through several instars; these are usually given numbers such as first instar, second instar Minimum exposure pesticide - Correct Answer-High-hazard pesticides identified in California law that have special requirements for handling; only certified commercial applicators may apply or supervise the application of minimal exposure pesticides NIOSH - Correct Answer-National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Obligate parasites - Correct Answer-Parasites that require living host plants to grow and reproduce Unsulfonated residue - Correct Answer-A measure of purity of petroleum oils used a pesticides. Volute - Correct Answer-A metal, duct-like structure used to direct the air flow from a sprayer fan, enabling pesticide laden air to be directed to treetops or other hard-to- reach areas Entomopathogenic nematodes - Correct Answer-Used in insect pest management Allelopathy - Correct Answer-The production of chemicals by plants that inhibit the growth of neighbouring plants. Ex) black walnuts produce a toxin that inhibits growth of plant species around the base of the tree. Smother crops - Correct Answer-Able to suppress weed by being grown in high densities in crop rotations following the main crop. Ex) cereals, sorghum, safflower, field corn, and domestic sunflowers Cover crops - Correct Answer-Plants, such as mustards, rye, alfalfa, or clover that can be planted immediately after harvest to hold and protect the soil. Vetch - Correct Answer-Widely distributed purple-white herbaceous plant used to improve biological control of mealybugs in vineyard. Supplies ant's with nectar which keeps them from interfering with parasitic wasps which control mealybugs. Timing of planting reduces insect and disease management - Correct Answer-Winter- grown carrots and potatoes can be planted when the potato cyst nematode is not active. Black root rot can be avoided in cotton by planting later to reduce the chance of infection. In beats, beet yellow virus and beet mosaic virus have been kept under control by following stict planting programs that allowed no early-spring planting in or next to growing districts where sugarbeets were overwintered. 57 Timed harvest limits pest damage - Correct Answer-In potatoes, early harvest reduces the incidence of nematode damage to tubers by shortening the time nematodes have available to reproduce In avocados, early harvest helps control greenhouse thrips on tough-skinned varieties by minimizing crop-to-crop overlap. Reservoir planting - Correct Answer-Planting conventional plants within or along the borders of a field to encourage interbreeding between pests that have developed resistance and those that have not. Cross protectice - Correct Answer-plants are exposed to a mild strain of a virus, like a vaccine, which stimulates the plant's natural defenses. Pests of alfalfa - Correct Answer-Cowpea aphid: Aphis craccivora Egyptian Alfalfa Weevil: Hypera brunneipennis Alfalfa weevil: hypera postica Alfalfa caterpillar: Colias eurytheme Blue alfalfa aphid: Acrythosiphon kondoi Pea aphid: Acrythosiphon pisum Beet armyworm: Spodoptera exigua Leafhopper (garden, potato, mexican) Pest of wheat - Correct Answer-Russian wheat aphid Bird Cherry-oat aphid Weeds - broadleaves, grass, field bindweed, johnsongrass Mite (brown, winter, banks) Stripe rust (pathogen) Barley yellow dwarf (pathogen) Pests of cotton - Correct Answer-Sweet potato/silver leaf whitefly Pink bollworm Cotton bollworm Cotton aphid Lygus bug Webspinning spider mites (strawberry, pacific, twospotted, and carmine) Pest of corn - Correct Answer-Corn earworm Corm leaf aphid Green peach aphid Greenbug Weeds - barnyardgrass, cereals, nutsedge, johnsongrass, broadleaves Spider mite (twospotted, banks, strawberry, pacific) Armyworm (beat, western yellow striped) Wireworms 60 Lower developmental threshold - Correct Answer-Temperature below which development stops Upper developmental threshold - Correct Answer-Temperature at which the rate of growth or development begins to slow Phenology models - Correct Answer-Predict time of events in an organism's development. Measuring the amount of heat accumulated over time provides a physiological time scale that is more accurate than calendar days. In what ways can insects be used to control weeds? A. they can be encouraged to lay eggs on or inside plants B. they are vectors, transmitting disease organisms to plants C. their presence attracts the type of animal that eats plants - Correct Answer-B How does crop rotation help control nematode populations? A. populations will fall if the nematode species has a narrow host range and requires a living host to survive in the soil B. Nematodes will latch onto the new plants, and will be removed when plant debris is removed before the next planting. C. the effect of crop rotation on nematodes is not well understood and only works when combined with chemical control methods - Correct Answer-A Select the drawbacks of planting transgenic crops on a pest management plan? A. the ability to apply pesticide as needed B. an increase in pesticide usage C. the emergence of secondary pest problems D. repeated use of the same pesticide in an area E. the planting of reservoir crops in addition to transgenic crop F. a drop in spraying to control disease vectors G. Weeds that develop resistance to the same pesticide as the crop - Correct Answer- B, C, D, G Which of the following statements are true about host-plant resistance to nematode infestation (select all that apply)? a. Nematode-resistant plants are best used in combination with other management techniques, such as crop rotation and fallowing. b. Good water management, fertilization, and other cultural practices make little difference in a plant's ability to resist nematodes. c. A plant that is resistant to nematode pests may be susceptible to one or more alternate pests that live and breed nearby. d. Nematode-resistant plants are a very cost-efficient way to manage pest nematode species in fields, orchards, or vineyards. - Correct Answer-A, C, D A disease-resistant cultivar may still become infected when: 61 a. conditions favor infection, and disease vectors are numerous in the area. b. it rains frequently, and soil contains a high level of organic matter. c. plants become physically stressed by overwatering or nutrient deficits. - Correct Answer-C Using transgenic plants without employing other IPM methods may increase a pest's: a. resistance to the inserted genes. b. ability to reproduce and spread. c. available sites for overwintering - Correct Answer-A Why do integrated pest management programs work better than programs relying on just one management method? a. The additional complexity of the system confuses pests, making them easier to control or eliminate. b. Using a number of pest control methods at once takes far less effort than employing them individually c. A diversity of approaches to managing pests increases the long-term effectiveness of each individual control measure. - Correct Answer-C Soil solarizations - Correct Answer-Used to increase species of bacteria known to be natural enemies of soilborne pathogens Fungal diseasess - Correct Answer-Usually occurs naturally and helps control aphids Geese - Correct Answer-Used for controlled weedy grasses in cotton, orchards, and vineyards Smother crops - Correct Answer-Used to suppress weeds and yield a cash crop at the same time Tillage or cultivation - Correct Answer-Used to kill weeds, disrupt the life cycle of some insect pests, and bury disease inoculum Which of the following are considered benefits of pest monitoring (select all that apply? a. Observing seasonal changes in pest populations b. Proper timing of pesticide applications c. Assessing the effectiveness of pest control measures d. Ability to use more pesticides and apply these more frequently - Correct Answer-A, B, C Which of the following is a disadvantage of using common names for identifying organisms? a. They usually describe one characteristic of the pest but leave others out. 62 b. They provide little information about the relationship of one organism to another. c. Pesticide labels list common names of pests rather than scientific names. - Correct Answer-B What is most likely to cause your pest control efforts to fail? a. Making pesticide applications when crop plants are in their dormant stage. b. Spraying a pesticide prior to the pest's most vulnerable life stage. c. Delaying pesticide applications until action thresholds are reached. - Correct Answer-B A stomach poison applied to the upper surface of leaves will fail to control insects if: a. they feed on all areas of the leaf. b. they feed on the edges of the leaf. c. they feed on underside of the leaf. - Correct Answer-C Mexican leafhopper - Correct Answer-Alfalfa Banks grass mite - Correct Answer-Small grains and corn Dothiorella canker - Correct Answer-Avocado Bandedwinged whitefly - Correct Answer-tomato, alfalfa, and cotton Alternaria leafspot - Correct Answer-Cole crops Which of the following body parts distinguish mites from insects? Select all that apply. a. thorax b. abdomen c. idiosoma d. number of legs e. wings f. gnathosoma g. antennae - Correct Answer-C, D, F Egg, nymph, adult cycle - Correct Answer-insect, incomplete metamorphosis Seed, seedling, vegetative growth, reproductive period, post-reproductive period - Correct Answer-weed Egg, juvenile, adult - Correct Answer-nematode Egg, larva, fry, juvenile, adult - Correct Answer-insect, complete metamorphosis Egg, larva, pupa, adult - Correct Answer-nematode Which statement is true regarding common sources of viral disease in plants? a. Viruses are spread from plant to plant as vertebrate pests feed on leaves. 65 b. A list of the pesticide's hazards to nontarget animals and humans in the area where it will be applied c. A history of weather trends and vertebrate pest population density in the area - Correct Answer-A Which of the following statements are true about poison baits (select all that apply)? a. You can use specially designed bait stations to prevent other animals and children from accessing poison baits. b. Some baits attract target pests, eliminating the need for widespread pesticide application. c. Well-targeted baits are formulated to reach the target pest, and leave the pest's predators unharmed. d. Manufacturers often color grain baits to make them less attractive to birds - Correct Answer-A, B, D Which of the following signs indicate an incompatibility developing in a tank mix? Select all that apply. a. Flakes forming in the tank b. Foaming in the tank c. Crystals precipitating in the tank d. Clouding of the mixture e. Oily clumps appearing in the tank f. Severe separation - Correct Answer-A, C, D, E, F To avoid the development of resistance in agricultural pests, you should use pesticides with differing: a. toxicity. b. modes of action. c. application methods. - Correct Answer-B Pesticide is persistent in soil which can lead to... - Correct Answer-leaching Pesticide is soluble in water which can affect... - Correct Answer-runoff Pesticide mixture is thin and watery which can... - Correct Answer-spray drift Pesticide is volatile which can lead to... - Correct Answer-spray drift Pesticide is persistent and adsorbs tightly to soil particles which leads to... - Correct Answer-Particle drift Which of the following weather conditions, if detected at the application site, should result in a postponement or cancellation of the pesticide application? Select all that apply. a. Temperature is above label limit b. Winds are light, less than 5 mph 66 c. A temperature inversion has been observed d. The day is clear and sunny, and temperatures are rising rapidly e. Fog is rolling into the area f. The day is sunny and temperatures are mild - Correct Answer-A, C, D, E Adding less than the required amount of active ingredient to the tank mix results in... - Correct Answer-Contributes to secondary pest outbreaks or a resurgence of the pest Making applications when flowers are in bloom can result in.. - Correct Answer-the death of pollinators Applying pesticides too frequently in an area leads to.. - Correct Answer-Aids in the development of resistance Applying pesticides to places where pests do not usually breed, live, or feed leads to... - Correct Answer-Pesticide cannot reach the target pest Failing to mix volatile pesticides thoroughly into soil - Correct Answer-Causes vapor drift when the pesticides comes into contact with air What can you do to reduce the likelihood of pesticides settling out or clumping after mixing? a. Contact the pesticide dealer to find out which compatibility agent to add to the tank. b. Decrease agitation to reduce excessive turbulence and foaming in the tank. c. Decrease dilution rates so there is less diluent (water or oil) in the tank. - Correct Answer-A Three factors that make for effective pesticide use are: a. Hot weather, adequate rainfall or irrigation, and concentration of the spray mixture b. Timing application to optimal weather conditions, pest susceptibility to the pesticide, and ability to protect natural enemies c. Volume of spray used, method of application, and capacity of the spray tank - Correct Answer-B Which of the following is a benefit of using more than one pesticide in the spray tank? a. You can treat a larger area using a single tank mix. b. You can decrease environmental contamination by making a single application. c. You can save time by treating two or more pests during a single application. - Correct Answer-C To reduce the possibility of building up a pest's resistance to a pesticide, you can: a. Use only pesticides that have very long persistence b. Use a pesticide that is selective to the pest c. Make frequent spot treatments with the same pesticide - Correct Answer-C 67 Which of the following actions will help to decrease pesticide resistance (select all that apply)? a. Use less than the label-recommended amount of pesticide in the tank. b. Use pesticides from the same chemical class repeatedly at a site. c. Apply pesticides with varying modes of action over time. d. Apply the same pesticide to pests that reproduce multiple times in a season. e. Implement an IPM program that uses a variety of pest control methods. f. Limit the number of pesticide applications in a season. - Correct Answer-C, E, F What can you do to find out if your pesticide application has been successful in an area? a. Return to the site one day after the application to see if pest damage has been reduced or has stopped. b. Leave water-sensitive paper cards at the site and check to see if there has been a color change. c. Walk through the site immediately after the application to see if spray has reached target surfaces. - Correct Answer-A The threshold that defines the time during crop development when losses from weed interference are most likely to occur is called the: a. damage threshold. b. economic threshold. c. period threshold. - Correct Answer-C Visual inspection - Correct Answer-May require a hand lens or other magnifier to check the outer surface of plants for surface-feeding invertebrates and the damage they cause Knockdown techniques - Correct Answer-Shake plants or beat branches over a drop cloth to collect adults and larvae/nymphs of easily dislodged insects and mites Sweep nets - Correct Answer-Use to collect adults and larvae or nymphs of invertebrate species that are free-living on foliage Pitfall traps - Correct Answer-Used to capture adult weevil, predaceous ground beetles, ground-dwelling spiders, Collembola, and possibly others such as squash bugs Degree-day phenoloy - Correct Answer-Check to see if temperature development thresholds and rates have been determined for the pest being monitored Physiological time is often expressed in units called: a. Degree-days b. Heat-days c. Life-days - Correct Answer-A 70 Procedures for thoroughly cleaning application equipment after use should start with reading the: a. equipment's instruction manual. b. label of the last pesticide applied. c. agricultural commissioner's equipment cleaning booklet. - Correct Answer-B The first step to take before storing any application equipment is to: a. decontaminate and clean it thoroughly. b. inspect it carefully for damage and wear. c. check tanks or hoppers for leftover pesticide. - Correct Answer-A Sprayer pressure too high - Correct Answer-The bypass system has become resistricted Sprayer pressure too low - Correct Answer-The nozzles have become worm Nozzles clog repeatedly - Correct Answer-The agitator is not working properly Excessive drift - Correct Answer-The nozzles are positioned too far from the target Uneven spray pattern - Correct Answer-The pressure setting does not match the operating range of nozzles Which of the following chemigation systems should you use if you want to reduce drift and increase accuracy of pesticide application? a. Center pivot systems b. Furrow irrigation systems c. Micro-irrigation systems - Correct Answer-C An easy way to reduce pesticide drift is to discontinue spraying when wind speeds exceed: a. 3 mph b. 5 mph c. 7 mph - Correct Answer-C When treating weeds or insects infesting the base of established trees or vines, you should use which of the following application methods? a. Basal b. Broadcast c. Drench - Correct Answer-A Which application method is used to deposit pesticide directly onto pest plants? 71 a. Soil injection b. Rope-wick c. Precision spraying - Correct Answer-B 72 QAL Exam Questions and Answers 2023