Amino Acids, Proteins, and Energy Units: Definitions and Concepts, Quizzes of Animal Biology

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TERM 1 dipeptide, tripeptide, oligopeptide, peptide, protein length DEFINITION 1 dipeptide- 2 amino acids tripeptide- 3 amino acids oligopeptide- 3-30 peptide- less than 50 AA protein- more than 50 AA linked together by peptide bond to form TERM 2 alpha amino acids (composed of 4 things) DEFINITION 2 20 are the monomeric units of proteins amine group carboxyl group alpha carbon chiral center (D vs L) R group changing R group gives the 20 different amino acids TERM 3 zwitterions DEFINITION 3 compounds with an equal # of ionizable groups of opposite charge most amino acids have no net charge TERM 4 Carboxyl group pK DEFINITION 4 acidic 2-3 TERM 5 amine group pK DEFINITION 5 basic 9-10 TERM 6 aliphatic amino acids DEFINITION 6 glycine alanine isoleucine * leucine * valine * TERM 7 hydroxyl amino acids DEFINITION 7 serine theronine * tyrosine TERM 8 sulfur amino acids DEFINITION 8 cysteine methionine * TERM 9 acidic or their amides amino acids DEFINITION 9 aspartate asparagine glutamate glutamine TERM 10 basic amino acids DEFINITION 10 arginine * lysine * histidine * TERM 21 protein functions when linked together DEFINITION 21 catalytic- enzymes - pepsine, lactase- intestine contractile- muscle- actin, myosin gene expression- histones H1 hormones- (insulin. glucagon) in the pancreas protection- immunoglobins regulatory- calmodulin nutrient storage- ferritin- liver structural- collagen transport- albumin- liver, hemoglobin TERM 22 protein structure; primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary DEFINITION 22 primary- order of amino acids secondary - interactions of amino acids close to each other in the protein. tertiary - interactions of amino acids in different regions of the protein quaternary- interactions between amino acids in separate protein chains. TERM 23 amino acid interactions that contribute to 2, 3, 4, structure (4) DEFINITION 23 hydrogen bonding- overlap of hydroxyl containing AA (serine, threonine, tyrosine) electrostatic interaction- acidic or basic hydrophobic interaction- hydrophobic regions of aliphatic or aromatic AA disulfide bridge- 2 cysteines TERM 24 protein turnover DEFINITION 24 protein synthesis and degradation occur constantly TERM 25 protein accretion DEFINITION 25 synthesis- degradation TERM 26 positive, negative, zero nitrogen balance DEFINITION 26 positive= synthesis > degradation negative= synthesis < degradation zero= synthesis = degradation TERM 27 amino acid requirements (6) DEFINITION 27 requirement is determined by the types and amounts of proteins being synthesized. affected by : growth rate age level of production gender genotype other physiological changes TERM 28 first limiting amino acid DEFINITION 28 most likely to be deficient- growth in not controlled by the total of resources available, but by the scarcest resource . determined by biological requirement of the animal level in the diet typically- pig- lysine; chicken- TSAA; horse- lysine TERM 29 ideal protein concept DEFINITION 29 theoretical pattern of amino acids in the diet is an exact match to the requirement all amino acids are equally limiting excess amino acids require energy expenditure to metabolize TERM 30 assessing protein quality DEFINITION 30 requirement of animal vs. patter and amount in the diet in vitro tests: amino acid profile- don't measure availability in vivo tests- bio availability TERM 31 protein quality DEFINITION 31 measure of the proportionpr of absorbed protein from a food which becomes incorporated into the proteins of the organisms;s bod. TERM 32 protein efficiency ratio and net protein utilization DEFINITION 32 g body weight gain/ protein consumed body N test diet- body N protein free diet / total N intake TERM 33 3 ways to determine amino acid requirement DEFINITION 33 growth curve plasma (AA) plasma (urea) TERM 34 antagonism DEFINITION 34 between structurally similar AA excess of one AA causes decreased growth relieve by adding other AA TERM 35 toxicity DEFINITION 35 decreased growth not relieved by adding other AA TERM 46 high to low heat increment DEFINITION 46 fiber--> protein --> digestible CHO--> fat TERM 47 maintenance energy (NEm) DEFINITION 47 heart rate, kidney, protein turnover, CNS activity, respiration, liver ION BALANCE TERM 48 production (NEp) DEFINITION 48 tissue lactation, egg production pregnancy wool hair, feathers work TERM 49 energy utilization DEFINITION 49 feed (gross energy) - fecal energy= digestible energy - urinary (and gas) energy = metabolizable energy - heat increment = net energy (Maintenance + production) TERM 50 heat production and determination DEFINITION 50 total heat production= heat increment + net energy for maintenance calorimetry direct- measure temp change in chamber indirect- measure CO2 and O2, calculate HP TERM 51 physiological fuel values DEFINITION 51 PFV= ME values used on food labels for calculation of calories CHO- 4 kcal/g lipid- 9 kcal/g protein- 4 kcal/g TERM 52 total digestible nutrients DEFINITION 52 standard evulation of the nutritional merit of a particular feed for farm animals which includes all the digestible organic nutrients- protein, fiber, N free extract, lipids TDN= digestible crude protein + digestible NFE + digestible crude fiber + 2.25 * digestible ether extract expressed as a percentage of the ration or as lbs or kg of TDN TERM 53 energy density DEFINITION 53 measure of the energy (DE or ME) per unit of feed express of kcal/kg or Mcal/kg or per lb fat has a high energy density, fiber low TERM 54 high fiber or high protein DEFINITION 54 high fiber= low DE : GE high protein= ME : DE TERM 55 Retained energy DEFINITION 55 protein and lipid deposition determined using comparative slaughter technique milk production in dairy