Race and Ethnicity - Sociological Imagination - Lecture Slides, Slides of Sociology

Download Race and Ethnicity - Sociological Imagination - Lecture Slides and more Slides Sociology in PDF only on Docsity! Chapter 9 Race and Ethnicity docsity.com Questions for you… • How is race “socially constructed” in society? • What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination? • What evidence is there that race relations are improving in the society? docsity.com Race and Biology • A race is a category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, or other attributes. • Race has little meaning biologically due to interbreeding in the human population. docsity.com Science and Race • The American Anthropological Association adopted a position on race in May 1998. Although not all members of the association agreed with the position taken, it does reflect the majority opinion of this group of scholars. docsity.com Polling Question • Think about Whites in the U.S. compared to ethnic and racial minority groups. To what extent do you agree with the following statement: Whites as a group are very distinct from ethnic and racial minority groups. A. Strongly agree B. Agree somewhat C. Unsure D. Disagree somewhat E. Strongly disagree docsity.com How Much Do You Know About Race, Ethnicity, and Sports? • True or False? – African Americans who competed in boxing matches in the late 1800s often had to agree to lose before they could obtain a match. docsity.com How Much Do You Know About Race, Ethnicity, and Sports? • True. – Promoters, who often set up boxing matches that pitted fighters by race, assumed that white fans were more likely to buy tickets if the white fighters frequently won. docsity.com How Much Do You Know About Race, Ethnicity, and Sports? • True or False? – Until recently, the positions of quarterback and kicker in the National Football League have been held almost exclusively by white players. docsity.com Prejudice • A negative attitude based on generalizations about members of selected racial, ethnic, or other groups. – Ethnocentrism refers to the tendency to regard one’s own culture and group as the standard. – Stereotypes are overgeneralizations about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories. docsity.com Racism • A set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used to justify the superior treatment of one racial or ethnic group and the inferior treatment of another racial or ethnic group. • Recent studies have shown that the underlying reasoning behind racism differs according to factors such as gender, age, class, and geography. docsity.com Merton’s Typology of Prejudice and Discrimination Prejudiced —_ Discriminatory attitude? behavior? Unprejudiced nondiscriminator Unprejudiced discriminator Prejudiced nondiscriminator Prejudiced discriminator docsity.com Four Major Types of Discrimination 3. Direct institutionalized discrimination - Intentional exclusion of people of color from public accommodations. 4. Indirect institutionalized discrimination - Special education classes may have contributed to racial stereotyping. docsity.com Contact Hypothesis • Contact between divergent groups should be positive as long as group members: – Have equal status. – Pursue the same goals. – Cooperate with one another to achieve goals. – Receive positive feedback while interacting. docsity.com Functionalist Perspectives on Race and Ethnic Relations • Assimilation A process by which members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups become absorbed into the dominant culture. • Ethnic Pluralism The coexistence of a variety of distinct racial and ethnic groups within one society. docsity.com Critical Race Theory • Premises: – The belief that racism is such an ingrained feature of U.S. society that it appears to be ordinary and natural to many people. – The belief that interest convergence is a crucial factor in bringing about social change. docsity.com Perspectives on Race and Ethnic Relations Focus Theory Symbolic Interactionist Microlevel contacts between individuals Contact hypothesis Functionalist Macrolevel intergroup processes Assimilation Ethnic Pluralism docsity.com Perspectives on Race and Ethnic Relations Focus Theory Conflict Power/economic differentials between dominant and subordinate groups. Caste perspective Class perspective Internal colonialism Split labor market Gendered racism Racial formation Critical Race Theory Racism as a feature of society that affects everyone. Law may remedy overt discrimination but have little effect on subtle racism. docsity.com 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 | | | ! Hy ot Native Americans Immigration to what is now the U.S. probably began more than 10,000 years ago. British Americans African Americans Between 1619 and the end of slavery in the 1860s, about 500,000 Africans were brought involuntarily to North America. German Americans Irish Americans Chinese Americans Italian Americans. Jewish Americans. Japanese Americans Mexican Americans Puerto Rican Americans Recent Asian and Caribbean immigrants Russian and Eastern European immigrants (02012 Cengage Learning docsity.com Native Americans • Most disadvantaged group in the U.S. in terms of income, employment, housing, and nutrition. • As a group they have experienced: – Genocide – Forced Migration – Forced Assimilation docsity.com African Americans • Slavery was rationalized by stereotyping African Americans as inferior and childlike. • Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1965 sought to eliminate discrimination in education, housing, employment and health care. docsity.com Latino or Hispanic-Americans • Includes Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans and Cuban Americans. • Many Mexican American families have lived in the U.S. for 4 or 5 generations and have made significant contributions. • In 1917, Puerto Ricans acquired U.S. citizenship and the right to move freely to and from the mainland. docsity.com Middle Eastern Americans • Includes immigrants from Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Iran, and Jordan. • The Lebanese, Syrians, and Iranians primarily come from middle class backgrounds. • Most Iranian immigrants initially hoped to return to Iran; however, many have become U.S. citizens. docsity.com Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the U.S. • In 1980 white Americans made up 80% of the population. • In 2000, white Americans made up 70% of the population. • By 2056, the roots of the average U.S. resident will be in Africa, Asia, Hispanic countries, the Pacific Islands, or Arabia— not white Europe. docsity.com 1. A category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, or other subjectively selected attributes. A. ethnic group B. age group C. gender D. race docsity.com Answer: D • A category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, or other subjectively selected attributes is a race. docsity.com 2. A collection of people distinguished by others or by themselves, primarily on the basis of cultural or nationality characteristics. A. ethnic group B. race C. age group D. gender docsity.com Answer: A • Overgeneralizations about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories is stereotyping. docsity.com 4. The deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation is called: A. genocide B. discrimination C. ethnic cleansing D. parricide docsity.com Answer: A • The deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation is called genocide. docsity.com 6. Blacks are considered to be an ethnic group. A. True. B. False. docsity.com Answer: B • Blacks are not considered to be an ethnic group. docsity.com